In October 2024 marked an important milestone in its naval capabilities with the launch of the S4* nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam. This development comes as part of India’s ongoing efforts to enhance its strategic deterrence capabilities and strengthen its position in the Indo-Pacific region. The S4* is a larger and more advanced vessel compared to its predecessor, INS Arihant, which was commissioned in 2016.
The Advanced Technology Vessel Programme
The Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) programme initiated in the 1980s aimed to develop India’s indigenous nuclear submarine capabilities. INS Arihant, the first submarine of this class, was launched in 2009 and serves as a technology demonstrator. The S4* represents the culmination of decades of research and development, showcasing India’s growing expertise in naval technology.
Specifications and Capabilities
The S4* is designed to carry a variety of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), including the K-4, which has a range of 3,500 km. This capability allows India to maintain a credible second-strike option, crucial for its nuclear deterrence strategy. The submarine is powered by an improved reactor, enhancing its operational efficiency and survivability.
Significance of the Nuclear Triad
India’s nuclear triad, comprising land-based, air-based, and sea-based deterrents, is essential for maintaining strategic stability. The completion of this triad was announced in 2018, when INS Arihant returned from its first deterrence patrol. The focus on undersea capabilities, particularly with the S4* and its K-4 missiles, is a strategic move to ensure that India can respond effectively to threats while remaining concealed beneath the ocean’s surface.
Policy of Credible Minimum Deterrence
India’s nuclear doctrine is built on the principle of Credible Minimum Deterrence (CMD), which emphasises a robust retaliatory capability without the intention of being the first to use nuclear weapons. This policy was formalised after the nuclear tests conducted in 1998 and further articulated in 2003. The S4* and its advanced missile systems are integral to this strategy, ensuring that India can respond decisively to any nuclear aggression.
Indigenous Development and Future Prospects
The construction of the S4* puts stress on India’s commitment to indigenous defence production, with involvement from domestic industries. The recent approval for two additional indigenous nuclear attack submarines (SSNs) marks a critical step in enhancing the Indian Navy’s capabilities. As India continues to develop its naval assets, the focus will remain on ensuring a credible deterrent while encourageing technological advancements.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the significance of the Advanced Technology Vessel programme in the context of India’s strategic defence capabilities.
- Explain the concept of Credible Minimum Deterrence and its relevance to India’s nuclear policy.
- Assess the role of indigenous development in enhancing India’s naval capabilities.
- Evaluate the implications of India’s nuclear triad on regional security dynamics in the Indo-Pacific.
- What are the technological advancements in the S4* compared to its predecessors, and how do they enhance India’s deterrence strategy?
