World Ozone Day 2025 marks the ongoing global efforts to protect the ozone layer and addresses emerging issues related to surface ozone pollution. Marking the 40th anniversary of the Vienna Convention, this year’s theme, From Science to Global Action, celebrates scientific progress and international cooperation that have helped the ozone layer recover. However, surface ozone pollution, especially in India, poses new environmental and health risks that require urgent attention.
Significance of the Ozone Layer
The ozone layer is a thin gas layer in the stratosphere. It shields Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Without it, human health, ecosystems, and food production would suffer severely. The layer acts as a natural sunscreen, preventing UV radiation from causing skin cancer, cataracts, and damaging crops.
Global Cooperation and the Montreal Protocol
International collaboration began with the Vienna Convention (1985) and was followed by the Montreal Protocol (1987). These agreements phased out ozone-depleting substances like CFCs and Halons. The protocol is a landmark example of science-driven diplomacy. It has led to gradual ozone layer recovery, showing how coordinated global action can solve environmental crises.
India’s Role in Ozone Protection
India joined the Montreal Protocol in 1992. Since then, it has eliminated many harmful substances such as CFCs, Halons, and carbon tetrachloride. India is on track to phase out HCFCs by the end of 2024. The Ozone Cell under the Ministry of Environment coordinates policies and international cooperation. India’s progress demonstrates national commitment to global environmental goals.
Surface Ozone Pollution – A New Threat
Unlike stratospheric ozone, surface ozone is a pollutant formed by chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. It worsens during heatwaves, which are increasing in India. This pollutant harms respiratory health and damages crops like wheat and rice, threatening food security and public health.
Challenges in Managing Surface Ozone
Surface ozone is not emitted directly but forms in the atmosphere. Controlling it requires reducing precursor gases. India faces challenges due to dense populations, industrial growth, and vulnerable demographics. Effective solutions include enhanced monitoring, emission controls, and innovative urban policies that reduce exposure during peak sunlight hours.
Strategies for Sustainable Solutions
India’s Cooling Action Plan promotes energy-efficient cooling and reduces reliance on harmful HFCs. Expanding clean energy, electric vehicles, and stricter emission standards are vital. Urban planning and shifting industrial activity to cooler periods can lower surface ozone levels. Investments in public transport and renewables support a healthier environment.
Lessons from World Ozone Day 2025
The near-recovery of the ozone layer proves that science-led policy and global cooperation work. However, new environmental challenges like surface ozone pollution require fresh strategies. India’s experience shows the importance of innovation and accountability in protecting both the planet and public health.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the role of international environmental treaties like the Montreal Protocol in addressing global climate and ozone layer issues.
- Examine the impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on air quality in India. How can policy interventions mitigate surface ozone pollution?
- With suitable examples, discuss the interlinkages between climate change, heatwaves, and air pollution. Analyse their combined effects on public health and agriculture.
- Discuss in the light of India’s Cooling Action Plan (ICAP), the challenges and opportunities in transitioning to sustainable cooling technologies and their impact on ozone protection.
