The Paika Rebellion of 1817 is yet often overlooked armed resistance against British colonial rule in Odisha. Recent debates arose when the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) initially omitted this uprising from the first volume of the Class VIII history textbook. The omission sparked political and cultural concerns in Odisha, denoting the rebellion’s importance in regional and national history. The NCERT later confirmed that the rebellion will be included in the second volume due for release in late 2025.
Who Were the Paikas?
The Paikas were hereditary military retainers of the Gajapati rulers of Odisha. Since the 16th century, they served as foot soldiers in exchange for rent-free land called nish-kar jagirs. During peacetime, they cultivated these lands. The Paikas held a unique social and military status, blending martial duties with agrarian life.
British Annexation and Rising Discontent
In 1803, the British East India Company annexed Odisha after defeating the Marathas. The Company failed to honour agreements with local rulers, leading to the dethronement of the king and confiscation of lands. The Paikas lost their patronage and rent-free lands. New land revenue policies imposed by the British forced many into poverty. Currency changes and salt taxes further burdened peasants and tribal communities, fuelling widespread resentment.
The 1817 Rebellion
The rebellion began in March 1817 when around 400 Kondhs and thousands of Paikas, led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, attacked British establishments. They targeted police stations, government offices, and treasuries across Khurda and adjoining areas. The revolt involved intense battles and casualties on both sides. Despite initial successes, the British army eventually suppressed the uprising. Bakshi Jagabandhu evaded capture until 1825, when he surrendered under negotiated terms.
Political and Cultural Significance
The Paika Rebellion is regarded as one of India’s earliest popular uprisings against British rule, predating the 1857 revolt by four decades. It has become a symbol of Odia pride and resistance. Odisha’s political parties, including the Biju Janata Dal and Bharatiya Janata Party, invoke the rebellion to strengthen regional identity and political narratives. Memorials and institutions commemorating the Paikas have been established, reflecting their enduring legacy.
Controversies Around Historical Representation
The temporary omission of the Paika Rebellion from NCERT textbooks sparked protests in Odisha. Critics argued it was a dishonour to the bravery of the Paikas and an erasure of regional history. The NCERT clarified that the rebellion would be included in the second volume of the history textbook. The debate marks the sensitivity of historical narratives in education and regional politics.
Legacy and Recognition
The rebellion’s legacy is celebrated annually, especially on its bicentenary in 2017. It is increasingly recognised as a critical chapter in India’s freedom struggle. The Paika Memorial at Barunei and educational initiatives aim to preserve the memory of the uprising and its heroes for future generations.
Questions for UPSC:
- Point out the causes and consequences of early armed uprisings against British colonial rule in India with suitable examples.
- Critically analyse the role of regional rebellions like the Paika Rebellion in shaping Indian nationalism before 1857.
- Underline the impact of British land revenue policies on rural societies in colonial India and estimate their contribution to agrarian unrest.
- What is the significance of historical narratives in educational curricula? How can textbook content influence regional identity and politics?
