Pakistan strengthened its naval capabilities by acquiring eight Hangor class submarines from China. This deal marks the growing military cooperation between the two nations. The first four submarines are being constructed in China, while the remaining four will be built in Karachi, Pakistan.
Submarine Specifications
The Hangor class submarines are diesel-electric vessels. They are believed to be an export variant of China’s 039A submarine. Each submarine can accommodate a crew of 38 and has space for eight special forces personnel. They are equipped with advanced weaponry, including torpedoes and anti-ship missiles.
Strategic Importance
The acquisition of these submarines is for Pakistan. It enhances its naval capabilities in the context of regional security dynamics, particularly concerning India. Pakistan has historically used submarines in military confrontations over territorial disputes.
Military Cooperation with China
China has become Pakistan’s primary supplier of military equipment. Over the past five years, more than 81% of Pakistan’s weapons imports have originated from China. This partnership includes various joint projects, notably the Hangor submarines and the JF-17 fighter jet.
Impact of Technology Restrictions
European nations impose strict prohibitions on the dual-use of military and civilian technology. This has limited Pakistan’s options for acquiring modern military equipment. Therefore, China’s collaboration has been vital for Pakistan’s defence needs.
Regional Security Context
The submarine deal occurs against a backdrop of heightened tensions in South Asia. Pakistan and India have a long history of conflict, particularly regarding Kashmir. The acquisition may alter the balance of power in the region, prompting responses from India.
Future Developments
As Pakistan continues to develop its submarine fleet, further military advancements are anticipated. The completion of the remaining submarines in Karachi will boost Pakistan’s naval presence. This could lead to increased naval operations in the Indian Ocean.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the implications of Pakistan’s submarine acquisition from China on regional security in South Asia.
- Examine the role of military technology restrictions imposed by European nations on Pakistan’s defence procurement strategies.
- Analyse the historical context of military confrontations between India and Pakistan over territorial disputes.
- Point out the significance of joint military projects between China and Pakistan in the context of their bilateral relations.
Answer Hints:
1. Critically discuss the implications of Pakistan’s submarine acquisition from China on regional security in South Asia.
- Strengthens Pakistan’s naval capabilities, potentially altering the balance of power in the region.
- May escalate tensions with India, which has historically viewed Pakistan’s military advancements with concern.
- Enhances Pakistan’s ability to conduct maritime operations, particularly in the Indian Ocean.
- Could provoke an arms race, prompting India to boost its own naval forces in response.
- Reflects the growing military cooperation between China and Pakistan, impacting regional alliances.
2. Examine the role of military technology restrictions imposed by European nations on Pakistan’s defence procurement strategies.
- European nations enforce strict dual-use technology prohibitions, limiting Pakistan’s access to advanced military equipment.
- This has forced Pakistan to rely more heavily on China for military supplies and technology.
- Restrictions hinder Pakistan’s modernization efforts, impacting its overall defense capabilities.
- Encourages Pakistan to explore alternative partnerships with countries like China, enhancing bilateral military cooperation.
- Highlights the geopolitical implications of technology restrictions on international defense trade dynamics.
3. Analyse the historical context of military confrontations between India and Pakistan over territorial disputes.
- Conflicts primarily revolve around the Kashmir region, with both nations claiming it as their territory.
- Military confrontations date back to the first Indo-Pakistani war in 1947-48, leading to ongoing tensions.
- Submarine acquisitions and military advancements are often viewed through the lens of historical animosities.
- Both countries have engaged in multiple wars and skirmishes, creating a cycle of conflict and militarization.
- Continued disputes affect regional stability and security, influencing international relations in South Asia.
4. Point out the significance of joint military projects between China and Pakistan in the context of their bilateral relations.
- Joint projects like the Hangor submarines and JF-17 fighter jet symbolize deepening military ties.
- They enhance Pakistan’s defense capabilities while providing China with a strategic ally in South Asia.
- These collaborations encourage technology transfer, improving Pakistan’s military self-reliance.
- Strengthens diplomatic relations, contributing to a united front against common regional challenges.
- Signifies a shift in global military alliances, as both countries seek to counterbalance Western influence.
