Pallas’s Fish Eagle

In recent years, the Pallas’s fish eagle has garnered attention due to its remarkable migratory behaviour. A male eagle named Ider, tagged in Mongolia, has been returning to Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India for breeding since 2020. This behaviour marks the significance of Kaziranga as important habitat for this endangered species.

Overview of the Pallas’s Fish Eagle

The Pallas’s fish eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) is a large raptor found along the Central Asian Flyway (CAF). This species is poorly studied despite its impressive range, which spans several countries. The eagle is monogamous and typically migrates alone after breeding, returning to the same nesting area annually.

Migratory Behaviour

Ider’s migration path covers approximately 3,000 km from Mongolia to Kaziranga. He arrives in Kaziranga from November to March for breeding. During the non-breeding season, he travels to Buuntsagaan Lake in Mongolia. This consistent pattern showcases the eagle’s reliance on instinct for navigation along the CAF.

Breeding and Nesting

In Kaziranga, Ider has been observed breeding successfully for five consecutive years. He has used the same nesting spot four times, indicating strong site fidelity. The average brood consists of two chicks, which become independent within two months. These chicks are capable of hunting and navigating without parental guidance.

Conservation Status

The Pallas’s fish eagle is classified as endangered. Its population has declined, with an estimated 2,500 mature individuals remaining in the wild. The species has disappeared from several former strongholds, including the Caspian Sea region and Kazakhstan. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of this majestic bird.

Importance of Kaziranga

Kaziranga National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a vital habitat for numerous bird species. The park supports over 500 bird species, with more than half of its area covered by grasslands and wetlands. It serves as a wintering ground for many migratory birds, including the Pallas’s fish eagle.

Research and Telemetry

Research on the Pallas’s fish eagle is limited, with less than 1% of bird species in India studied using satellite telemetry. Studies like those conducted by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) are essential for understanding migratory patterns and breeding behaviours. These insights can aid in the conservation of the species.

Central Asian Flyway

The CAF is migratory route for waterbirds, spanning 30 countries from Siberia to South Asia. India, located at the heart of this flyway, hosts approximately 370 migratory bird species. The wetlands of northeastern India are crucial for these birds, providing essential habitats during migration.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the importance of Kaziranga National Park for the conservation of migratory bird species.
2. Estimate the impact of habitat loss on the population of the Pallas’s fish eagle in Central Asia.
3. What are the key characteristics of the Central Asian Flyway? How does it support avian biodiversity?
4. Point out the significance of telemetry studies in understanding the migratory patterns of raptors.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the importance of Kaziranga National Park for the conservation of migratory bird species.

1. Kaziranga serves as a vital wintering ground for over 370 migratory bird species, including the endangered Pallas’s fish eagle.
2. The park’s diverse habitats, including wetlands and grasslands, provide essential resources for feeding and breeding.
3. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Kaziranga has international recognition, which aids in conservation efforts and funding.
4. It supports a rich biodiversity, contributing to ecological balance and attracting birdwatchers and researchers, promoting awareness.
5. Conservation programs in Kaziranga enhance habitat protection and management, crucial for maintaining migratory bird populations.

2. Estimate the impact of habitat loss on the population of the Pallas’s fish eagle in Central Asia.

1. Habitat loss due to urbanization, agriculture, and climate change has reduced the Pallas’s fish eagle’s range.
2. As of now, fewer than 2,500 mature individuals remain, indicating a critical decline in population.
3. Loss of wetlands and water bodies directly affects the availability of food resources for the species.
4. Fragmentation of habitats disrupts breeding patterns and migratory routes, leading to increased mortality rates.
5. Conservation efforts are essential to restore habitats and support the remaining populations of this endangered raptor.

3. What are the key characteristics of the Central Asian Flyway? How does it support avian biodiversity?

1. The Central Asian Flyway (CAF) spans 30 countries, facilitating migration from Siberia to South Asia.
2. It encompasses diverse ecosystems, including wetlands, which are critical for feeding and breeding migratory birds.
3. Approximately 182 migratory waterbird species utilize the CAF, denoting its role in avian biodiversity.
4. The flyway supports over 370 migratory bird species in India, ensuring ecological connectivity across regions.
5. Conservation of the CAF is vital for maintaining healthy bird populations and mitigating the impacts of habitat loss.

4. Point out the significance of telemetry studies in understanding the migratory patterns of raptors.

1. Telemetry studies provide real-time data on migratory routes, timing, and behaviors of raptors like the Pallas’s fish eagle.
2. They help identify critical habitats and stopover points essential for the birds’ survival during migration.
3. Such studies enhance our understanding of environmental factors affecting migration and breeding success.
4. Data gathered can inform conservation strategies and policies aimed at protecting migratory raptors.
5. Telemetry is essential for studying less understood species, as it reveals patterns that are not observable through traditional methods.