Urbanisation in India – A Historical Perspective
Urbanisation in India has ancient roots, dating back over 5,500 years. Key historical milestones include:
- Indus Valley Civilisation: Cities like Mohenjodaro and Harappa emerged around 2500 B.C.
- Ancient and Medieval Periods: Towns like Pataliputra and Kanauj developed under various rulers.
- Colonial Era: The British established urban centres such as Delhi, Calcutta, and Bombay.
Classification of Traditional Towns
Traditional towns in India can be classified based on their functions:
- Trading and Manufacturing: Includes nagar and pattana.
- Political or Military: Rajdhani and fortified towns like Durga.
- Educational and Pilgrim: Towns like Nalanda and religious centres.
Features of Urbanisation in Ancient and Medieval India
Urbanisation was influenced by political, economic, and socio-cultural factors:
- Political: Towns emerged around rulers and their interests.
- Economic: Stability in social institutions and guild formations.
- Religious and Socio-Cultural: Patronage of religions shaped urban identities.
New Features of Urbanisation in the Early Colonial Period
The colonial period introduced new urban dynamics:
- Coastal cities evolved as trading ports.
- Technological advancements improved infrastructure.
- Urban migration increased due to job opportunities.
Pattern of Urbanisation in Contemporary India
Urbanisation accelerated in the 20th century, with diverse urban centres fulfilling multiple roles. Cities are classified based on historical, industrial, and cultural significance.
Definition of a Town or City
In India, urban areas are defined by:
- Administrative criteria (municipalities, population size).
- Economic characteristics (non-agricultural employment).
- Population density and urban amenities.
Demographic Aspect
Urban population growth has been :
- From 10.8% in 1901 to 27.8% in 2001.
- Rapid growth post-independence, particularly between 1961 and 1981.
- Declining growth rates in the 1990s indicate a slowdown.
Spatial Pattern
Urbanisation shows spatial disparities:
- Over-Urbanisation: Cities like Mumbai and Kolkata face capacity challenges.
- Sub-Urbanisation: Urban sprawl occurs around major cities like Delhi.
Economic Dimension
Urbanisation is linked to economic development:
- Shifts in labour from agriculture to urban sectors.
- Emergence of new industrial towns like Jamshedpur and Bhilai.
- Occupational diversification is gradually changing urban employment patterns.
Socio-Cultural Character
Urban areas exhibit cultural diversity:
- Coexistence of various ethnic and caste groups.
- Migrants often maintain cultural identities while integrating.
- Urbanisation influences marriage patterns and social interactions.
Problems Concerning the Current Process of Urbanisation
Urbanisation has led to several challenges:
- Development of slums with inadequate housing and services.
- Housing shortages, particularly for low-income groups.
- Insufficient infrastructure for transport and sanitation.
Impact of Urbanisation in Rural Areas
Urbanisation affects rural communities:
- Migration to cities alters social structures and economic opportunities.
- Urban centres influence cultural practices and lifestyles in villages.
- Remittances from urban migrants support rural economies.
