This article delves into the life and teachings of the prominent religious figure, Jagadguru Basaveshwara (also known as Basavanna), who was a 12th century poet, philosopher and the founder of Lingayatism in India. We also explore the socio-cultural reform movements he spearheaded in South India.
Who was Basavanna?
Born in Bagevadi, an area within the undivided Bijapur district of Karnataka in 1131 AD, Basaveshwara is esteemed, particularly amongst the Lingayat community. The term ‘Lingayat’ refers to those who wear a personal linga, an iconic representation of God Shiva, received during their initiation ceremony.
Initially serving as an accountant for Bijjala, the Kalachurya king of Kalyana, Basaveshwara’s competence saw him rise to the position of Prime Minister in Bijjala’s court.
Main Teachings
Basaveshwara’s spiritual doctrine centred around three primary principles: Arivu (true knowledge), Achara (right conduct), and Anubhava (divine experience). This approach instigated a significant social, religious, and economic shift in the 12th century.
His holistic path, Lingangayoga, facilitates a union with the divine and combines elements of bhakti (devotion), jnana (knowledge), and kriya (action) in a balanced manner.
Social Reforms and Socio-Economic Principles
Dedicated to creating a society free from caste distinctions, Basaveshwara preached the virtue of manual labour and equal opportunities for everyone. His teachings went beyond mere spiritual revelations to promote practical socio-economic principles.
One such principle, Kayaka, encouraged individuals to choose their preferred occupation and perform it with sincerity. He also introduced Dasoha, promoting an equal income for equivalent work. The principle further instructed individuals to use surplus income for the benefit of society and the poor, rather than hoarding.
Anubhava Mantapa
Anubhava Mantapa, a forum of experiences initiated by Basaveshwara, served as a common platform for discussion on socio-economic and political issues, along with religious and personal matters. It was essentially the first Parliament of India, hosting Sharanas (citizens of welfare society). Their conversations were recorded in Vachanas – an innovative literary form in simple Kannada language.
The establishment of this ‘Kalyana Rajya’ or Welfare state significantly improved the status of all citizens, regardless of their class, caste, creed, or gender. Recently, the foundation stone for a ‘New Anubhava Mantapa’ was laid in Basavakalyan by the Chief Minister of Karnataka.
Relevance in UPSC Civil Services Examination
The teachings and philosophies of Basaveshwara hold significant relevance in the cultural history of medieval India, a key focus area in the UPSC Civil Services Examination.
For instance, the 2016 examination saw questions testing knowledge about Siddhas of Tamil region and the Lingayats of Kannada region, both integral to the cultural history of medieval India. The Siddhas were monotheistic, who condemned idolatry, and the Lingayats questioned the concept of rebirth and rejected caste hierarchy.