As the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) takes center stage in India’s education landscape, the Union Education Ministry has encountered a roadblock. Fourteen states and Union Territories (UTs) are yet to sign a crucial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the ministry, a requirement to access nearly ā¹13,000 crore in funds over the next three years. This funding is earmarked for the development of higher education under the flagship scheme – Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA).
Statistics and Challenges
The higher education ecosystem in India comprises 1,113 universities, 43,796 colleges, and 11,296 standalone institutions, according to the AISHE report 2020-21. Among these, 422 State Public Universities oversee 41,836 affiliated colleges. The landscape also includes 446 privately managed universities, with 475 located in rural areas and 17 focusing on women-centric education. Total enrollment in higher education stands at around 4.13 crores, with a fairly equal distribution between male and female students. However, the challenges identified by the NEP 2020 point to a fragmented ecosystem, limited cognitive skill development, rigid disciplinary boundaries, and limited access in disadvantaged areas, among others.
Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM-USHA): A Solution to Address Gaps
In response to the concerns highlighted by the NEP 2020, the PM-USHA scheme was introduced to bridge the existing gaps. Initially known as the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), the scheme was launched to improve access, equity, and excellence in higher education. With the NEP’s emphasis on holistic reform, RUSA has now been revamped and rebranded as PM-USHA. This initiative targets over 300 higher education institutions (HEIs), including state universities and their affiliated colleges, to elevate educational quality.
Objectives of PM-USHA
The core objectives of PM-USHA encompass enhancing access, equity, and quality in higher education, all while facilitating the strategic development of these aspects at the state level. The scheme’s focal points also involve creating new academic institutions, improving existing ones, and fostering self-reliant institutions that prioritize quality education and research. This effort is aligned with the vision of improving the overall higher education landscape in the country.
Funding Mechanism and State Concerns
The financial backing for PM-USHA is a significant element of its success. Central funding is distributed based on established norms and outcomes. The funds traverse through state governments and Union Territories before reaching the designated institutions. However, the reluctance of 14 states and UTs to sign the MoU is due to the stipulation that they contribute 40% of the budget for the PM-USHA initiative. While the scheme aims to elevate education quality and equity, some states have raised concerns about the financial burden placed upon them.
Integration with National Education Policy
The MoU holds states accountable for implementing administrative, academic, accreditation, and governance reforms outlined in the NEP. This includes establishing an academic credit bank, providing entry and exit flexibility, and utilizing the Samarth e-governance platform. While the MoU aligns with the NEP’s goals, it also raises a valid concern for the states – the lack of dedicated funds for implementing these reforms. Some states argue that additional financial support from the Centre is essential to fully execute NEP-driven reforms.
UPSC Mains Questions
How can states strike a balance between their commitment to education equity and their financial responsibilities within the PM-USHA framework?
What strategies should states adopt to ensure the successful implementation of NEP-driven reforms without compromising their financial stability?