Buddhism in Ratnagiri

The recent discovery of artefacts at Ratnagiri in Odisha has revived interest in this ancient Buddhist site. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has initiated new excavations more than 60 years after the first explorations. Ratnagiri, part of the Diamond Triangle, offers vital information about the history of Buddhism in Odisha.

Overview of Ratnagiri

• Ratnagiri, meaning “Hill of Jewels,” is located between the Brahmani and Birupa rivers.
• This site is one of the three prominent Buddhist heritage locations in Odisha, alongside Udaygiri and Lalitgiri.
• The Diamond Triangle is renowned for its historical significance and archaeological richness.

Historical Context of Buddhism in Odisha

• Buddhism flourished in Odisha, particularly from the 5th to the 10th centuries CE.
• This period saw patronage from the Bhauma-Kara dynasty.
• Ratnagiri is noted as an early centre for Vajrayana Buddhism, which focuses on esoteric practices.
• The site housed a monastery that accommodated around 500 monks at its peak.

Excavation History

Initial excavations at Ratnagiri took place between 1958 and 1961 under archaeologist Debala Mitra. These efforts revealed a complex of monasteries, stupas, and inscriptions. However, after 1961, the site was largely neglected as ASI focused on other locations.

Recent Discoveries and Goals

The renewed excavations aim to uncover previously visible structures and artefacts. Recent findings include three colossal Buddha heads. The ASI plans to further explore the ceramic assemblage, which can provide vital information about ancient human activities and cultural practices.

Connections to Southeast Asia

Ancient Kalinga had strong maritime links with Southeast Asia. Evidence suggests that Buddhist scholars from Kalinga influenced regions like Java and Ceylon. The ASI seeks to find artefacts that reflect these connections, enhancing understanding of cultural exchanges.

Other Notable Buddhist Sites in Odisha

Besides Ratnagiri, Odisha boasts several other important Buddhist sites. Dhauli, known for Asokan rock edicts, and Kuruma near the Konark Sun Temple are notable examples. These sites reflect the rich Buddhist heritage of the region, particularly during the reign of Emperor Asoka.

Significance of the Excavations

The ongoing excavations at Ratnagiri are vital for understanding the historical and cultural landscape of Buddhism in Odisha. They aim to piece together the connections between ancient Indian cultures and their Southeast Asian counterparts.

Future Prospects

The ASI’s work at Ratnagiri will likely lead to new findings that can reshape our understanding of the region’s Buddhist history. As excavations continue, the potential for uncovering further artefacts remains high.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the influence of Vajrayana Buddhism on Southeast Asian cultures.
2. Discuss the role of maritime trade in the spread of Buddhism from Kalinga to other regions.
3. Critically discuss the significance of the Diamond Triangle in understanding ancient Indian Buddhism.
4. What were the key factors that led to the decline of Buddhism in Odisha by the 13th century? Analyse.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the influence of Vajrayana Buddhism on Southeast Asian cultures.

1. Vajrayana Buddhism, known as the “Thunderbolt Vehicle,” emphasizes esoteric practices and rituals.
2. It spread from India to regions like Tibet, Bhutan, and parts of Southeast Asia, influencing local beliefs.
3. In Southeast Asia, Vajrayana practices merged with indigenous traditions, creating unique cultural expressions.
4. Art and architecture, such as stupas and sculptures, reflect Vajrayana influences in countries like Cambodia and Thailand.
5. Historical texts indicate that Buddhist scholars from Kalinga played role in disseminating Vajrayana teachings across these regions.

2. Discuss the role of maritime trade in the spread of Buddhism from Kalinga to other regions.

1. Kalinga’s strategic location enabled extensive maritime trade routes connecting India with Southeast Asia.
2. Buddhist monks and traders traveled these routes, facilitating cultural and religious exchanges.
3. Evidence of Kalinga’s influence has been found in regions such as Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon.
4. Trade relationships helped establish Buddhist communities and promote the religion in foreign lands.
5. Cultural festivals, like Bali Jatra, commemorate the historical maritime connections between Kalinga and Southeast Asia.

3. Critically discuss the significance of the Diamond Triangle in understanding ancient Indian Buddhism.

1. The Diamond Triangle, comprising Ratnagiri, Udaygiri, and Lalitgiri, is a concentrated area of Buddhist heritage in Odisha.
2. These sites showcase architectural diversity and the evolution of Buddhist practices over centuries.
3. Excavations have revealed vital historical artifacts that provide vital information about the socio-religious dynamics of ancient India.
4. The region reflects the patronage of various dynasties, particularly the Bhauma-Kara dynasty, which supported Buddhist culture.
5. Studying the Diamond Triangle helps trace the spread of Buddhism and its integration with local traditions in Odisha.

4. What were the key factors that led to the decline of Buddhism in Odisha by the 13th century? Analyse.

1. Political changes, including the rise of Hindu kingdoms, diminished the patronage for Buddhist institutions.
2. Religious shifts towards Hinduism and the establishment of new sects contributed to Buddhism’s decline.
3. Invasions and conflicts disrupted trade and cultural exchanges that supported Buddhist communities.
4. Neglect and lack of funding for monastic institutions led to deteriorating conditions for Buddhist practices.
5. By the 13th century, many Buddhist sites were abandoned or repurposed for Hindu worship, marking cultural shift.