Record Low Snow Persistence in Hindu Kush Himalaya

The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region is experiencing unprecedented snow persistence levels. A recent report from the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) reveals that snow levels are 23.6 per cent below normal. This is the lowest recorded in the past 23 years. The decline marks the third consecutive year of below-normal seasonal snow. This situation poses threat to water supply for nearly two billion people in the surrounding areas.

Impact on Water Supply

Snowmelt is essential for rivers during dry seasons. On average, it contributes about 23 per cent to the yearly water flow in major river basins. The drastic reduction in snow levels is alarming. The Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems in India have recorded deficits. The Ganges basin saw a drop of 24.1 per cent below normal snow persistence. The Brahmaputra basin recorded a 27.9 per cent decline. This will lead to less snowmelt available during critical summer months.

Regional Variations

Different river basins are affected in varying degrees. The Mekong and Salween basins are facing severe reductions, with snow persistence levels at 51.9 per cent and 48.3 per cent below normal, respectively. The Indus basin, which supports millions in India and Pakistan, reported a 16 per cent decrease in snow cover. Each region must address its unique conditions to mitigate the impacts of reduced snow levels.

Long-term Consequences

The ongoing decline in snow levels could lead to more frequent water shortages. This would increase reliance on groundwater, raising the risk of droughts. ICIMOD experts warn that the situation demands immediate action. Governments must prepare water-saving plans and enhance drought response strategies. Effective resource management based on scientific data is crucial for sustainability.

Call for Regional Cooperation

ICIMOD’s Director General, Pema Gyamtsho, emphasises the need for a paradigm shift. There is an urgent necessity for science-based, forward-looking policies. Renewed regional cooperation is essential for transboundary water management and emissions mitigation. Collaborative efforts can help address the challenges posed by the snow crisis.

Need for Policy Change

The report puts stress on the importance of adapting policies to tackle the ongoing snow anomalies. Authorities must work together to create strategies that ensure food, water, and energy resilience. The current trends indicate that without intervention, the HKH region could face severe long-term impacts.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the role of snowmelt in major river basins of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region.
2. Estimate the potential socio-economic impacts of reduced snow persistence on agriculture in India.
3. Point out the significance of regional cooperation in managing transboundary water resources in South Asia.
4. What is the phenomenon of climate change? How does it influence water availability in mountainous regions?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the role of snowmelt in major river basins of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region.

1. Snowmelt is vital for maintaining river flow during dry seasons, providing approximately 23% of yearly water flow.
2. Major river basins affected include the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong, and Salween.
3. Reduced snowmelt leads to water shortages, affecting agriculture, drinking water supply, and hydropower generation.
4. In the Ganges basin, snow persistence has dropped 24.1% below normal, impacting summer water availability.
5. Continuous decline in snowmelt can lead to increased reliance on groundwater and heightened drought risk.

2. Estimate the potential socio-economic impacts of reduced snow persistence on agriculture in India.

1. Reduced snow persistence affects irrigation water availability, crucial for crops during peak growing seasons.
2. Ganges and Brahmaputra basins are particularly vulnerable, with declines in snowmelt expected.
3. Less snowmelt may lead to lower agricultural yields, impacting food security and farmer incomes.
4. Increased reliance on groundwater for irrigation can raise costs and deplete local water resources.
5. Long-term impacts may include shifts in agricultural practices and increased vulnerability to climate variability.

3. Point out the significance of regional cooperation in managing transboundary water resources in South Asia.

1. Transboundary water resources require collaborative management to ensure equitable distribution among countries.
2. Regional cooperation can help address challenges posed by reduced snowmelt and water shortages.
3. Joint strategies can enhance data sharing, improve drought response, and facilitate resource management.
4. Cooperation encourages trust and reduces conflicts over water resources among neighboring nations.
5. Effective management can support sustainable development goals related to water, agriculture, and energy security.

4. What is the phenomenon of climate change? How does it influence water availability in mountainous regions?

1. Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature and weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities.
2. It leads to increased temperatures, affecting snowfall and accelerating snowmelt in mountainous regions.
3. Changes in precipitation patterns can result in less snowfall and more rain, disrupting traditional water cycles.
4. Mountains act as natural water towers; reduced snowpack threatens water supply for millions downstream.
5. Climate change exacerbates existing vulnerabilities, increasing the frequency and severity of water shortages.