Obesity in India is emerging as a major public health challenge. Recent data projects that by 2050, over a third of India’s population will be overweight or obese. This alarming trend threatens to strain healthcare systems and the economy.
Current Obesity Scenario in India
India currently ranks third globally in the number of obese individuals. In 2023, about 45 million people were classified as obese. However, the obesity rate relative to population is lower than in developed countries like the US. Urban areas show higher obesity rates than rural regions. Women experience higher rates of abdominal obesity than men. Childhood obesity is also rising, especially among boys and children in private schools.
Definitions and Measurement
Body Mass Index (BMI) is the standard measure for obesity. A BMI of 25 or above is considered overweight, and 30 or above obese. BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m²). This simple metric helps identify risk groups and monitor trends over time.
Trends and Statistics
Between 2015-16 and 2019-21, obesity rates among Indian men rose from 18.6% to 22.9%. For women, the increase was from 20.7% to 24%. Childhood obesity under five years increased from 2.1% to 3.4%. Globally, adult obesity has more than doubled since 1990, and childhood obesity quadrupled. These figures show a rapid rise in overweight populations worldwide.
Causes of Increasing Obesity
Several factors drive obesity growth in India. Sedentary lifestyles, increased consumption of high-fat and high-sugar processed foods, and reduced physical activity play key roles. Socio-economic changes and genetics also contribute. The liberalisation of the economy has increased access to unhealthy foods. Lack of compulsory physical education in schools exacerbates the problem.
Health and Economic Impacts
Obesity raises risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and certain cancers. India is projected to have the second-largest diabetic population by 2050. Economic costs are substantial. In 2019, obesity cost India $28.95 billion, about 1% of GDP. This could rise to $81.53 billion by 2030 and $838.6 billion by 2060 without intervention. Lost productivity and healthcare expenses burden families and the government.
Government Initiatives and Challenges
India has launched programmes like Fit India Movement, Poshan Abhiyan, and Khelo India to promote fitness and nutrition. Yet, visible impacts remain limited. There is a need for stronger policies, including compulsory physical education in schools and regular public awareness campaigns. Promoting sustainable healthy diets and active lifestyles is crucial.
Future Outlook
The obesity epidemic demands urgent action. Without effective interventions, health and economic burdens will escalate. Coordinated efforts across sectors are needed to reverse trends and improve public health outcomes.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the socio-economic factors contributing to the rise of obesity in India and suggest policy measures to address them.
- Explain the relationship between urbanisation and changing dietary patterns in India. How does this impact public health?
- What are the challenges faced by the Indian healthcare system in managing non-communicable diseases like obesity and diabetes? With suitable examples, discuss possible solutions.
- Comment on the role of education and awareness in preventing lifestyle diseases. How can government initiatives be strengthened to promote healthier living?
