In this article, we will be discussing two major environmental issues in India: the decrease in the population of River Dolphins in the Indian Sunderbans due to rising salinity levels; and a shift in research focus within Kaziranga National Park from ‘the big four’ to different bird species. Additionally, we’ll explore cultural practices in Kerala, including the farming of Pokkali Paddy and the traditional puppetry known as Pavakoothu.
Ganges River Dolphin: A Species in Decline
The Ganges River Dolphin, found in the central and eastern water system of the Indian Sunderbans, is experiencing a rapid decrease in population. This decline is largely attributable to rising salinity levels in the dolphin’s home waters. Recent research has uncovered evidence that the species now only inhabits the western part of the Sunderbans, where salinity is notably lower.
The Root Causes of Salinity Increase
Numerous factors are contributing to the increase in salinity in the dolphins’ habitat. These include the loss of connectivity with upstream freshwater flow, a rise in sea level as a result of climate change, and hydrological modifications such as water diversion and the construction of large barrages upstream. Freshwater flow into the Sunderbans is vital for the survival of these dolphins, as they have difficulty remaining submerged in high-salinity waters.
Managing River Traffic for Dolphin Health
A correlation between reduced river traffic and dolphin health has been identified. Researchers noted a higher rate of dolphin encounters in rivers and areas that had limited use of motorised boats and more country boats. Regulating human activity in these regions could prove beneficial for the dolphin population.
A Closer Look at Dolphin Populations
Concerns about the Ganges River Dolphins’ dwindling numbers were previously raised in 2018 when a decline in the population at the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) was reported.
| Year | Location | Reported Dolphin Population |
|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary | Decrease |
| 2021 | Indian Sunderbans | Decrease |
Shift in Research Focus: Kaziranga National Park’s Baseline Survey of Waterfowl
For the first time, a survey of various bird species, particularly waterfowl, was conducted in Kaziranga National Park. Previously, research efforts primarily focused on ‘the big four’ – rhino, elephant, Bengal tiger, and Asiatic water buffalo. The results of this baseline survey will aid in understanding population trends and provide valuable insights into the health of the ecosystem.
Pokkali Paddy: Kerala’s Endemic Crop
In central Kerala, a unique paddy variety known as Pokkali flourishes. Despite devastating floods, this saltwater-tolerant crop survived and continues to be grown in the coastal fields of Alappuzha, Ernakulam, and Thrissur districts of Kerala.
Facing Threats: The Struggles of Pokkali Paddy Farmers
Despite fetching a good price in the market, the traditional farming method of Pokkali paddy is facing a threat due to farmers not getting substantial returns. To protect this rice variety, local societies, cooperative banks, and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(MGNREGA) groups have stepped in.
Pavakoothu Puppetry: A Cultural Treasure of Kerala
In Kerala, a traditional glove puppet play known as Pavakoothu is a treasured cultural practice. Originating in the 18th century, this form of puppetry features puppets with wooden heads and arms, decorated faces, and movable parts. Each puppet play revolves around episodes from either the Ramayana or the Mahabharata.