Russia formally recognised the Taliban as Afghanistan’s legitimate government in April 2025. This marked shift in Moscow’s Afghan policy amid regional instability and global geopolitical tensions. The move followed years of cautious engagement and came despite ongoing international concerns about the Taliban’s human rights record. Russia aims to expand economic and security cooperation with Kabul while countering threats from extremist groups like ISIS-K.
Historical Background of Russia-Afghanistan Relations
Russia’s interest in Afghanistan dates back to the 19th century during the Great Game rivalry with Britain. Afghanistan served as a buffer state between Russian and British empires. After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet Russia supported Afghan independence and anti-colonial movements. During the Cold War, the USSR backed a communist regime in Kabul, leading to the 1979 Soviet invasion and a decade-long war against Afghan mujahideen supported by the West. The Soviet withdrawal in 1989 ended this conflict but left deep scars.
Post-Soviet Engagement and Moscow Format
After the USSR dissolved, Russia initially supported the US-led war on terror post-9/11. However, relations with the Taliban were hostile, as the first Taliban regime supported Chechen separatists. From 2017, Russia hosted the Moscow Format Consultations, a platform involving regional powers including India, China, Pakistan, and Iran to discuss Afghan peace and stability. Russia’s concerns focused on terrorism, narcotics trafficking, and regional security.
Recent Developments Leading to Recognition
Following the US withdrawal in 2021 and Taliban takeover, Russia maintained its embassy in Kabul and signed economic agreements with the Taliban, including discounted fuel and wheat supplies. Russia’s Supreme Court lifted the Taliban’s terrorist designation in 2025, paving the way for formal recognition. This move coincided with growing regional diplomatic activity, including China’s envoy appointment and Pakistan’s ambassadorial presence in Kabul.
Geopolitical and Economic Motivations
Russia’s recognition is driven by strategic and economic interests amid the Ukraine conflict and Western sanctions. Afghanistan offers a market for Russian exports and a partner against terrorism. Bilateral trade reached $1 billion in 2024 with projections to triple by 2025. Afghanistan’s inclusion in China’s Belt and Road Initiative through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor adds complexity, though Chinese investment remains limited. Russia also seeks to fill the power vacuum left by the US.
Implications for India and Regional Dynamics
India has deep cultural and economic ties with Afghanistan and investments in infrastructure and education. It remains cautious but faces challenges as Russia and China strengthen ties with the Taliban. Experts suggest India should engage pragmatically with the Taliban to protect its interests and support Afghan stability. Afghanistan is vital for India’s Connect Central Asia policy and counterterrorism efforts, especially regarding Pakistan-based threats.
Human Rights and International Concerns
Despite diplomatic recognition, the Taliban continue to impose severe restrictions on women and commit human rights violations. The International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants against Taliban leaders for gender-based persecution. Russia’s move has been criticised by human rights advocates but is seen by Moscow as a pragmatic step to secure its regional interests.
Security Challenges and Terrorism
ISIS-K remains a serious threat in Afghanistan and the region. The group claimed responsibility for a deadly 2024 terrorist attack in Moscow. Russia regards the Taliban as partners in combating terrorism but remains wary of extremist violence spilling over borders. Security cooperation between Moscow and Kabul is expected to intensify.
Future Prospects
Russia-Taliban relations may deepen in trade, security, and technology. However, geopolitical rivalries and internal Afghan instability pose risks. The international community watches closely as Afghanistan navigates a complex path between regional powers and ongoing humanitarian challenges.
Questions for UPSC:
- Point out the strategic importance of Afghanistan in the 19th-century Great Game between Britain and Russia and its relevance .
- Critically analyse the impact of the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) on Cold War geopolitics and regional stability with suitable examples.
- Estimate the role of regional organisations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in managing security threats emanating from Afghanistan.
- What are the challenges and opportunities for India’s foreign policy in Central Asia? How should India engage with changing regimes like the Taliban government in Afghanistan?
