Egypt underwent significant transformation in the 19th century, particularly during the reign of Said Pasha, who was instrumental in modernizing the country’s agricultural and commercial sectors. His reforms spanned from creating a new class of landlords to enhancing transportation and communication infrastructure.
Introduction of Cash Crops and Machinery in Agriculture
Under Said Pasha’s rule, a new class of landlords emerged in Egypt. These landlords played a pivotal role in the introduction of cash crops, which marked a shift from traditional subsistence farming to a more market-oriented agricultural economy. The integration of machinery into farming practices further modernized the sector, increasing productivity and efficiency.
Development of the Irrigation System
To support the burgeoning agricultural sector, Said Pasha focused on improving the irrigation system. This involved the renovation of existing canals and the construction of new ones. A well-developed irrigation system was crucial for supporting the growth of cash crops, which often required more water than traditional crops.
Abolition of Internal Duties and Promotion of Free Trade
In the commercial domain, Said Pasha made a bold move by abolishing internal duties. This decision was aimed at fostering free trade within Egypt and leveling the playing field between Egyptian merchants and their European counterparts, who previously enjoyed exemptions from these duties and tariffs. Despite these efforts, the Anglo-Turkish Agreement of 1842 placed limitations on the Egyptian economy, hindering the ability of indigenous products to compete with foreign goods.
Advancements in Transport and Communications
Transportation and communication networks witnessed a significant upgrade during Said Pasha’s reign. Railway lines were built to connect various parts of Egypt with key cities like Alexandria and the Suez, facilitating easier movement of goods and people. Egypt’s progress in this area was so notable that it surpassed France in both railway development and telegraphy.
Expansion of the Egyptian Fleet
The enhancement of Egypt’s maritime capabilities was another area of focus. Said Pasha invested in the development of the Egyptian fleet, which grew to be two-and-a-half times larger than that of France. This not only improved defense but also bolstered Egypt’s presence in international trade.
Improvement of Roads, Bridges, Canals, and Harbours
Infrastructure development extended beyond railways and the fleet. Roads, bridges, canals, and harbours all received attention, improving the overall connectivity and efficiency of transportation within the country. These improvements had a positive impact on trade and mobility for the Egyptian population.
Construction of the Suez Canal
Perhaps the most significant achievement of Said Pasha’s tenure was the construction of the Suez Canal. Although the idea was initially proposed by his predecessor, Ali, concerns about international conflict and rivalry led to its abandonment. However, Said Pasha revived the project, and the canal’s completion marked a monumental advancement in global navigation, directly connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the abolition of internal duties under Said Pasha influence the internal market dynamics and trade practices within Egypt?
2. In what ways did the development of the Suez Canal alter the geopolitical significance of Egypt in the international arena?
3. Considering the advancements in transportation and communication, how did these improvements contribute to Egypt’s economic development during Said Pasha’s reign?