Sectarian Violence in Kurram – Recent Clashes

The Kurram district in Pakistan has witnessed severe sectarian violence recently, leading to the deaths of over 64 individuals in just three days. The conflict primarily involves Shia and Sunni tribal groups, revealing deep-rooted issues in governance, tribal rivalries, and external influences. Kurram’s location near Afghanistan adds to its complex socio-political landscape.

Background of Kurram District

Kurram is home to approximately 785,000 residents, predominantly Pashtuns. The Shia Turi and some Bangash tribes reside mainly in Upper Kurram. In contrast, Sunni tribes dominate Lower and Central Kurram. The demographic distribution has led to important differences in literacy and economic development between the two regions.

Historical Context

The roots of sectarian violence in Kurram can be traced back to British colonial policies. The British favoured certain tribes, creating long-lasting grievances. After the British departure, Kurram became part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, where outdated laws persisted until 2018. This historical neglect contributed to ongoing tribal disputes and sectarian tensions.

Cold War Influences

The Cold War era introduced new dynamics to Kurram. The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran intensified sectarian rivalry, with Iran supporting Shia groups and Saudi Arabia backing Sunnis. Additionally, the Soviet-Afghan War transformed Kurram into a battleground for various armed factions, exacerbating existing tensions.

Militant Groups and Governance Failures

Over the past three decades, militant groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Islamic State have exploited local grievances and sectarian divisions. The lack of effective governance has allowed these groups to thrive, leading to cycles of violence and displacement. The recent clashes were ignited by a land dispute, denoting the fragility of peace in the region.

Impact of Zia-ul-Haq’s Policies

Former military ruler Zia-ul-Haq’s policies in the 1980s influenced sectarian dynamics. His focus on Sunni Islamisation and the influx of Sunni Afghan refugees weakened the Shia Turi community. This historical context is crucial for understanding the current sectarian strife in Kurram.

Recent Developments

Tensions have escalated since late July 2023, following a land dispute that resulted in numerous fatalities. Despite tightened security measures, violence continues unabated. The ongoing conflict puts stress on the urgent need for effective governance and conflict resolution strategies in Kurram.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the historical factors contributing to sectarian violence in Kurram district.
2. Estimate the impact of Cold War dynamics on the sectarian relations in Kurram.
3. Point out the role of militant groups in exacerbating sectarian tensions in Kurram.
4. What are the socio-economic implications of the ongoing violence in Kurram? Discuss with suitable examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the historical factors contributing to sectarian violence in Kurram district.

1. British colonial policies favored certain tribes, leading to long-standing grievances.
2. Kurram’s incorporation into the Federally Administered Tribal Areas perpetuated outdated laws and governance failures.
3. Tribal rivalries over resources have intensified sectarian divisions historically.
4. Post-colonial neglect and lack of effective governance have fueled ongoing disputes.
5. Historical land disputes and tribal competition have roots in colonial favoritism.

2. Estimate the impact of Cold War dynamics on the sectarian relations in Kurram.

1. The Iranian Revolution in 1979 intensified Shia-Sunni rivalries with external support from Iran and Saudi Arabia.
2. Kurram became a proxy battleground during the Soviet-Afghan War, exacerbating sectarian tensions.
3. The influx of Sunni Afghan refugees altered demographic balances, impacting local dynamics.
4. Militant groups emerged, capitalizing on Cold War rivalries, leading to increased violence.
5. Geopolitical interests have deepened sectarian divides, complicating local governance.

3. Point out the role of militant groups in exacerbating sectarian tensions in Kurram.

1. Groups like TTP and Islamic State exploit local grievances and sectarian divisions for recruitment.
2. Militants have used Kurram as a base for cross-border operations, increasing violence.
3. Lack of effective governance has allowed these groups to thrive and perpetuate conflict.
4. Militant activities have intensified cycles of violence, leading to widespread displacement.
5. Militants often provoke sectarian clashes to assert dominance over local populations.

4. What are the socio-economic implications of the ongoing violence in Kurram? Discuss with suitable examples.

1. Ongoing violence has led to important displacement, disrupting local economies and livelihoods.
2. Educational institutions in affected areas face closures, impacting literacy rates, especially in Upper Kurram.
3. Economic development is hindered due to instability, with businesses reluctant to operate in conflict zones.
4. Healthcare access is compromised, exacerbating public health issues among the displaced populations.
5. Land disputes and violence have led to resource scarcity, worsening poverty and social tensions.