Who is Sewa Singh Thikriwala?

Sewa Singh Thikriwala, a prominent figure in the struggle for self-rule in Punjab, is commemorated annually from January 18 to January 20. He died in jail on January 20, 1935, while on a hunger strike. His legacy continues to inspire movements for civil liberties in Punjab.

Early Life and Background

Sewa Singh was born in the late 19th century in Thikriwala village, part of the princely state of Patiala. His father, Dewa Singh, held position in the Maharaja’s court. Sewa Singh initially worked as a health officer but soon left his official post to engage in social reform.

Involvement in the Singh Sabha Movement

Sewa Singh joined the Singh Sabha movement, which emerged in response to British colonial rule and Christian missionary activities. He organised Gurmukhi classes in Gurdwaras and promoted traditional Sikh marriage ceremonies. His efforts were aimed at revitalising Sikh identity and culture.

The Praja Mandal Movement

The Praja Mandal movement sought to protect civil liberties and reform oppressive taxation and governance in Punjab. It was active in several princely states, including Patiala and Nabha. The movement aimed for educational reforms and a responsible government, reflecting the aspirations of the masses.

Imprisonment and Activism

Sewa Singh faced imprisonment due to his criticism of the ruling prince. Although he was falsely accused of theft, he was jailed, leading to the formation of the Punjab Riyasat Praja Mandal with him as president. His activism continued despite multiple arrests and harsh treatment from authorities.

Legacy and Commemoration

Following his death, an annual memorial was established in Thikriwala village. It includes Nagar Kirtans, seminars, and lectures. A statue commemorates his contributions, although his ancestral home remains neglected. Recent political commitments aim to upgrade local educational facilities and convert his house into a memorial.

Current Developments

Recent announcements include upgrading a primary school to a “School of Happiness” and allocating funds for local educational institutions. The government plans to enhance infrastructure in Thikriwala, reflecting ongoing recognition of Sewa Singh’s contributions to Punjab’s history.

Impact on Modern Punjab

Sewa Singh’s legacy is evident in contemporary movements advocating for social justice and civil rights in Punjab. His commitment to reform continues to resonate with the current political landscape, especially in the context of recent farmers’ agitations and demands for government accountability.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of the Singh Sabha movement on Sikh identity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2. What were the factors that led to the rise of the Praja Mandal movement in Punjab? Discuss its implications.
3. Estimate the role of hunger strikes in the Indian independence movement. How did they influence public opinion?
4. Point out the socio-political conditions in Punjab during the 1930s that facilitated the emergence of leaders like Sewa Singh Thikriwala and Kharak Singh.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of the Singh Sabha movement on Sikh identity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

1. The Singh Sabha movement aimed to revive and strengthen Sikh identity amidst British colonial rule and Christian missionary activities.
2. It promoted Gurmukhi language education and traditional Sikh practices, encouraging a sense of community and cultural pride.
3. The movement countered the influence of Mahants (priests) and aimed to reform Gurdwara management, enhancing accountability.
4. It laid the groundwork for future Sikh political mobilization and social reform movements in Punjab.
5. Overall, it played important role in the reassertion of Sikh identity and values during a period of external pressures and internal challenges.

2. What were the factors that led to the rise of the Praja Mandal movement in Punjab? Discuss its implications.

1. The oppressive taxation and governance by the ruling princely states created widespread discontent among the populace.
2. There was a growing demand for civil liberties and representation, spurred by the influence of national movements across India.
3. The movement sought to address the socio-economic issues faced by peasants and promote educational reforms.
4. It was supported by a coalition of political leaders and activists, including the Akalis, enhancing its reach and impact.
5. The Praja Mandal movement set the stage for increased political consciousness and participation among the masses in Punjab.

3. Estimate the role of hunger strikes in the Indian independence movement. How did they influence public opinion?

1. Hunger strikes were a powerful form of non-violent protest, showcasing the determination and resilience of activists against oppressive regimes.
2. They drew media attention, often mobilizing public sympathy and support for the strikers’ causes.
3. Prominent figures like Mahatma Gandhi used hunger strikes effectively, making them a symbol of moral and political resistance.
4. Hunger strikes brought into light the plight of political prisoners and the injustices of colonial rule, galvanizing public opinion against the British.
5. Their impact contributed to the broader narrative of resistance, inspiring future generations to adopt similar tactics in their struggles for justice and rights.

4. Point out the socio-political conditions in Punjab during the 1930s that facilitated the emergence of leaders like Sewa Singh Thikriwala and Kharak Singh.

1. The 1930s in Punjab were marked by widespread discontent against colonial rule and the oppressive practices of local princely states.
2. Economic hardships faced by peasants and the demand for land reforms created a fertile ground for political activism.
3. The influence of the larger Indian independence movement inspired local leaders to organize and mobilize the masses.
4. Increased political awareness among the Sikh community, driven by movements like Singh Sabha, led to the emergence of new leadership.
5. The presence of organizations like the Akali Dal provided a platform for leaders like Sewa Singh and Kharak Singh to advocate for civil rights and reforms.