In recent times, attention has been drawn to the impacts of Shallow Water Mining (SWM). At depths less than 200 metres, this form of mining is deemed less destructive than terrestrial mining and less risky than mining in Deep-Water Ecosystems. Development and implementation of SWM technology exists and projects have already begun in places like Namibia and Indonesia. However, some researchers have voiced concerns over the environmental risks posed by SWM, suggesting it comes into direct conflict with Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainability Goals.
Understanding the Process and The Risks: Shallow Water versus Deep-Sea Mining
The process of extracting minerals from the part of the ocean lying below 200 meters depth is known as deep-sea mining. However, SWM operates at much shallower depths and is often viewed as a more sustainable substitute. It requires the removal of large amounts of sediment that takes thousands of years to accumulate, which proves detrimental to the organisms that inhabit these sediments. Shallow-water ecosystems are already under stress due to pollution and impacts of climate change, and even seemingly small-scale mining activities can have drastic local effects.
Assessing the Environmental Impact: How Does Mining Affect Marine Ecosystems?
Mineral mining drastically alters habitats and causes local biodiversity loss and changes in species communities. The indirect effects of mining, such as the spread of seabed material and harmful substances released from the seafloor, impair the state of the marine environment. The overall environmental effects of SWM are comparable to those of operations where the seafloor is excavated, like dredging. This suggests that it could take decades for ecosystems to recover from such an intrusion.
Weighing the Pros and Cons: The Need for a Precautionary Principle
While SWM has been praised as a relatively low-risk, low-cost method of satisfying the demand for metals and minerals, it is essential to proceed with caution. Researchers suggest that the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of such mining activities should be thoroughly understood before it’s touted as the ultimate solution for the increasing global need for metals. Understanding the potential risks of mining activity is crucial for deep-ocean biodiversity, ecosystems, and human well-being. As a result, the precautionary principle – the idea that actions should not be taken until their risks have been fully assessed – should be applied to mining in shallow marine areas.
Analyzing Previous Examination Questions: The Involvement of Global Bodies
One previous examination question in the UPSC Civil Services highlighted key facts concerning seabed mining. While the Global Ocean Commission promotes action to address ocean degradation, it does not grant licenses for seabed exploration and mining in international waters. This task is undertaken by International Seabed Authority (ISA), a UN body. India received the status of a ‘Pioneer Investor’ in 1987 and secured an area in the Central Indian Ocean Basin for nodule exploration. ‘Rare earth minerals’, essential in modern technologies, are present on the seafloor in international waters, affirming the significance of seabed mining.
While Shallow Water Mining presents an accessible option for mineral acquisition, it’s essential to map out its impacts comprehensively. By doing so, we pave the way for sustainable marine mining practices that balance economic needs with environmental conservation.
