Siang Upper Multipurpose Project Sparks Local Protests

The Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP) is set to become India’s largest dam, with a proposed capacity of 12.5 GW. Recently, the Arunachal Pradesh government deployed a team from the Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) to the project site to conduct a pre-feasibility report. This action has triggered opposition from local communities who are vehemently against the dam. Residents have been protesting, asserting their right to protect their land and environment.

Background of the Siang River

The Siang River is the main channel of the Brahmaputra and holds immense ecological and cultural significance. It flows through Arunachal Pradesh before entering Assam. The river is vital for local agriculture and sustains various communities.

Government Actions and Local Response

The Arunachal Pradesh government has taken steps to advance the SUMP despite local dissent. The deployment of CAPF aims to ensure safety during the survey. However, local protests have intensified, with villagers chanting slogans against the dam. They claim that their voices have been ignored in the decision-making process.

Legal Challenges

In 2022, the Gauhati High Court annulled all 44 proposed dams on the Siang River due to concerns raised by local communities. The court’s decision stemmed from allegations that the state government had received upfront payments for these projects without proper consultation. The ruling reflects a growing awareness of environmental and social implications associated with large infrastructure projects.

Government’s Justification for the Dam

Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu has argued that the dam is crucial for the region’s development. He claims it could generate over 13,500 megawatts of power and provide benefits to the local economy. Khandu has also brought into light risks posed by upstream damming in China, including potential flash floods and water scarcity.

Community Organisations and Advocacy

The Siang Indigenous Farmers’ Forum (SIFF) is at the forefront of the opposition. They argue that the government has failed to adequately consult local communities about the dam. The SIFF represents the interests of the Adi community and has been vocal about the need for sustainable development that respects local rights.

Future Implications

The ongoing conflict between the government and local residents raises questions about development priorities in Arunachal Pradesh. Balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and community rights will be crucial in the coming years. The situation remains dynamic as protests continue and legal battles unfold.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the impact of large dam projects on local ecosystems and communities in India.
2. Critically discuss the role of citizen protests in influencing government policy decisions in India.
3. Discuss in the light of environmental sustainability, the challenges posed by infrastructure development in the Himalayan region.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the legal framework governing environmental assessments for large-scale projects in India.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the impact of large dam projects on local ecosystems and communities in India.

1. Large dam projects can disrupt local ecosystems, altering water flow and affecting aquatic life.
2. Communities often face displacement and loss of livelihood, leading to socio-economic challenges.
3. Changes in sediment transport can lead to erosion and loss of fertile land downstream.
4. Dams can impact local climate conditions, affecting agriculture and biodiversity.
5. Local cultures and traditions tied to rivers may be threatened, leading to loss of heritage.

2. Critically discuss the role of citizen protests in influencing government policy decisions in India.

1. Citizen protests raise awareness about local issues, influencing public opinion and media coverage.
2. Protests can lead to legal challenges, prompting courts to intervene in policy decisions.
3. Grassroots movements often mobilize support from NGOs and civil society, amplifying their voice.
4. Government responses to protests can vary, sometimes resulting in policy revisions or project cancellations.
5. Protests can highlight the need for more inclusive governance and community consultation in decision-making.

3. Discuss in the light of environmental sustainability, the challenges posed by infrastructure development in the Himalayan region.

1. Infrastructure development can lead to deforestation, habitat loss, and increased landslide risks in fragile ecosystems.
2. Water resources may be overexploited, affecting both local communities and biodiversity.
3. Climate change impacts, such as glacial melting, complicate sustainable water management strategies.
4. Balancing economic development with conservation efforts poses governance challenges.
5. Local communities often lack adequate representation in decision-making processes regarding infrastructure projects.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the legal framework governing environmental assessments for large-scale projects in India.

1. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006, mandates assessments for projects with potential environmental impacts.
2. Public consultations are required, allowing local communities to voice concerns before project approval.
3. Judicial interventions, such as the Gauhati High Court ruling against the Siang dams, showcase the judiciary’s role in enforcing environmental laws.
4. Various laws, including the Forest (Conservation) Act and Wildlife Protection Act, provide additional layers of protection for ecosystems.
5. Non-compliance with EIA regulations can lead to project cancellations or legal challenges, as seen in numerous cases across India.