The global push for sustainable energy is intensifying in 2025. Silicon photovoltaics remain the dominant solar technology worldwide. However, new challenges and opportunities are emerging. These include land scarcity, rising carbon dioxide levels, and the increasing demand for green hydrogen. This has sparked debate over whether to continue relying on silicon solar panels or shift to advanced, more efficient alternatives.
Silicon Photovoltaics – Current Status
Silicon solar panels were invented in 1954 and have since become the most widely used solar technology. Today’s panels typically deliver 18-21% efficiency, with real-world performance around 15-18%. China supplies about 80% of global solar panels. India produces around 6 GW of silicon solar cells, with plans for expansion. Despite their success, silicon panels require large land areas due to moderate efficiency, which poses a challenge as urbanisation limits available space.
Efficiency and Land Use
Efficiency is crucial because it determines how much sunlight is converted into electricity. Higher efficiency means less land is needed. For example, a solar panel with double the efficiency requires only half the area to produce the same power. As land becomes scarce, especially in cities, more efficient solar technologies could reduce environmental and spatial pressures.
Green Hydrogen and Energy Transition
Green hydrogen is produced by splitting water using electricity from renewable sources. It offers a clean fuel option with zero emissions when used. However, current electrolysis methods consume more energy than the hydrogen produces. Storage and transport are also difficult due to hydrogen’s low density and leakage risks. Alternatives like green ammonia and green methanol are easier to handle but require additional energy to extract hydrogen later, reducing overall efficiency.
Beyond Silicon – Emerging Technologies
New solar technologies have achieved efficiencies up to 47% in lab settings, such as gallium arsenide thin-film cells. These could reduce land use and improve energy yields. Artificial photosynthesis is another promising area, aiming to convert sunlight, water, and CO2 directly into fuels like methanol or ammonia, mimicking natural plant processes. Europe is investing in Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBO) to produce sustainable fuels without biomass.
Strategic Energy Independence
Energy self-sufficiency is critical, especially for countries like India that import 85% of their energy needs. Geopolitical tensions and supply disruptions show the importance of domestic renewable energy innovation. Investing in research and private sector collaboration can help develop diverse, efficient technologies. This approach reduces future costs related to pollution and climate damage.
Future Directions for Energy Innovation
The world must diversify beyond silicon photovoltaics. More efficient, economical, and practical solutions are essential to meet growing energy demands and climate goals. This includes improving solar cell technology, advancing green hydrogen production, and developing novel fuels. A multi-technology strategy increases the chances of achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable growth.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the role of silicon photovoltaics in India’s renewable energy landscape and the challenges posed by land scarcity.
- Analyse the potential and limitations of green hydrogen as a clean fuel in the context of current electrolysis technologies.
- Examine the concept of artificial photosynthesis and its significance in achieving carbon-neutral fuel production.
- Estimate the impact of energy self-sufficiency on India’s geopolitical stability and economic development in the coming decades.
