The increasing utilization of coal, despite advancements in solar and wind power, underscores the importance of low-carbon electricity resources. One such resource is small modular reactors (SMRs), which can play an important role in achieving deep decarbonization. Traditional nuclear power plants have had issues with time and cost overruns, which has led several countries to explore SMRs as an alternative solution.
The Concept of Decarbonization
Decarbonization refers to the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that are generated by human activities, especially those related to the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. The global endeavor of decarbonization goes hand in hand with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7, which highlights the need for sustainable and affordable energy access. However, the world’s heavy dependence on fossil fuels, which account for 82% of the energy supply, makes the decarbonization of the power sector a pressing need.
Challenges of Decarbonization
The transition from coal to clean energy brings its own set of challenges. Many countries agree that relying solely on solar and wind power is insufficient in providing reliable and affordable energy access for all. Adding at least one stable power source can enhance grid reliability and reduce costs in renewable energy-dominated systems.
Moreover, the International Energy Agency (IEA) anticipates a potential increase in demand for critical minerals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements, which are essential for clean energy technologies. Rapid development in various countries, coupled with the concentration of mineral extraction and processing capacities, introduces environmental, social, geopolitical, and supply risks that need to be addressed for sustainable clean energy progress.
About Small Modular Reactors
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors with a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit. Physically smaller than conventional nuclear power reactors, SMRs can be factory-assembled and transported as a unit to their location for installation. These innovative reactors have enhanced safety features that mitigate the risk of uncontrolled radioactive material release and are designed to operate for 40-60 years with a high degree of reliability.
Advantages of Small Modular Reactors
SMRs have several advantages. As the demand for electricity is projected to surge by 80-150% by 2050, SMRs can provide a reliable low-carbon electricity source that complements intermittent renewables. This is crucial for achieving grid reliability and reducing costs in decarbonized electricity systems.
Moreover, SMRs generate less spent nuclear fuel and can be safely operated in existing brownfield sites, thus reducing land acquisition challenges. They also offer an alternative to critical minerals as they require low-enriched uranium, which is more widely distributed.
Integration of Small Modular Reactors with India’s Energy Strategy
For India, which aims for net-zero emissions by 2070, SMRs can be a key player. With coal-based thermal power plants and variable renewable energy sources contributing significantly to the energy mix, SMRs can improve energy security and grid stability. The Central Electricity Authority of India sees SMRs as an essential element in meeting electricity demands, while private sector investments, including public-private partnerships, could facilitate expansion.
Promotion of Low-Carbon Electricity Resources for Decarbonization
An effective regulatory regime, similar to that in the civil aviation sector, is necessary for SMRs to play a significant role in decarbonizing the power sector. To facilitate SMR deployment, amendments to the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 are required to allow private sector involvement. Maintaining government control over nuclear fuel and waste is also required, with an independent regulatory board overseeing the entire nuclear power cycle.
Cooperation and harmonization of statutory requirements among countries that accept nuclear energy and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) can expedite approvals for SMRs based on universal designs. The ‘123 agreement’ between India and the US provides opportunities for reprocessing spent fuel from SMRs under IAEA safeguards, promoting resource sustainability.