The late 19th century was a transformative period in both political and economic spheres, marked by the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck and the widespread belief in the concept of ‘survival of the fittest’ as applied to human society. This era witnessed the rise of Social Darwinism, which extended Charles Darwin’s theories from the natural world to justify societal structures and imperialistic policies.
The Political Landscape and Bismarck’s Unification of Germany
Otto von Bismarck, a prominent statesman of the time, played a crucial role in the unification of Germany. His policy of ‘blood and iron’ emphasized the importance of military power and industrial might in achieving national unity. Bismarck’s success in consolidating the German states into a powerful empire inspired nationalistic fervor across Europe and beyond. Admirers of nationalism saw in Darwinism a scientific endorsement of their beliefs, equating the survival of the fittest in nature with the triumph of the strongest nations in political conflicts.
Social Darwinism and Economic Life
During this era, the economy was characterized by free enterprise and individualism, where the upper and middle classes enjoyed prosperity. Many among these classes opposed state intervention aimed at promoting social and economic justice. They embraced Social Darwinism, arguing that their wealth and social status were the results of their superior fitness compared to the impoverished lower classes, whom they deemed ‘unfit’ or ‘worthless.’ The consolidation of business, where larger firms absorbed smaller ones, was rationalized through the same Social Darwinist lens, suggesting that such practices were simply natural selection at work in the marketplace.
Imperialism and Social Darwinism
The late 19th century also saw an aggressive push for colonial expansion, with major powers seeking to establish colonies around the globe. Social Darwinism provided a convenient justification for imperialism, positing that the need for colonies was essential for the prosperity and survival of great powers. Proponents of imperialism argued that native populations, when measured against the standards of worldly success, were weaker and inferior, thus necessitating protection and guidance from the more advanced European nations. This paternalistic view was a hallmark of Social Darwinism applied to international relations and colonial policy.
Questions for UPSC
– How did the application of Darwin’s theory of evolution influence the political ideologies of the late 19th century?
– In what ways did Social Darwinism shape the economic policies and business practices of the era?
– To what extent did Social Darwinism provide a moral justification for the imperialistic expansion of European powers?