In October 2024, the Intelsat 33e satellite broke apart in geostationary orbit, resulting in at least 20 fragments. This incident has intensified concerns over the increasing volume of space debris, which poses risks to both operational satellites and future space missions. The satellite, launched in 2016, had a troubled history, including propulsion issues and an early mission termination. The lack of insurance at the time of its breakup raises questions about accountability in the burgeoning field of space exploration.
About Satellite Operations
Satellites like Intelsat 33e are typically placed in geostationary orbit, approximately 35,786 km above the equator. This positioning allows them to maintain a constant position relative to the Earth’s surface, facilitating uninterrupted communication services. However, maintaining this orbit requires precise control of altitude and velocity, managed through onboard thrusters. Failures in these systems can lead to catastrophic outcomes, including fragmentation.
The Growing Problem of Space Debris
The issue of space debris is escalating. The European Space Agency (ESA) estimates over 40,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 cm are orbiting Earth, alongside an estimated 130 million smaller fragments. This debris is primarily composed of defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from previous collisions. The total mass of this debris is comparable to that of 90 adult male blue whales, denoting the environmental impact of human activity in space.
Tracking and Monitoring Challenges
Monitoring space debris is complex. At higher altitudes, only larger objects can be tracked effectively. The fragmentation of Intelsat 33e likely produced numerous small pieces that current tracking technologies cannot detect. Recent uncontrolled breakups of satellites have exacerbated this problem, with thousands of new fragments entering orbit. Continuous monitoring is essential for predicting potential collisions and ensuring the safety of operational spacecraft.
Legal and Ethical Responsibilities
The legal framework governing space debris is still developing. According to the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, the country that launches a satellite is responsible for any damage it causes. However, enforcing this principle is challenging, as accountability mechanisms are often inadequate. In 2023, the US Federal Communications Commission issued its first fine for space debris, indicating a potential shift towards stricter regulations.
Mitigation Strategies
To address the growing threat of space debris, several strategies are being explored. These include improved tracking technologies, active debris removal missions, and better end-of-life planning for satellites. For instance, low Earth orbit satellites can be designed to de-orbit safely at the end of their operational life, minimising the creation of debris. The ESA successfully de-orbited its Cluster 2 Salsa satellite, demonstrating that targeted re-entry is feasible.
Future Considerations
As the number of satellites in orbit continues to rise, the risk of collisions and subsequent debris creation will increase. The International Space Station (ISS), for instance, could produce over 220 million debris fragments if it were to break apart. Planning for the ISS’s decommissioning in 2030 is already underway, with contracts awarded to SpaceX for its safe de-orbiting. The need for comprehensive policies and international cooperation in space traffic management is more urgent than ever.
UPSC Question:
Account for the implications of increasing space debris on international space law and satellite operations.
