SPHEREx Telescope

NASA is set to launch the SPHEREx telescope on February 27, 2025. This mission aims to create an extensive map of the cosmos, focusing on the formation of the universe and the potential for life beyond Earth. SPHEREx will operate for two years and is designed to take spectroscopic images, measuring individual wavelengths of light. This capability allows it to explore the universe’s history and detect biogenic molecules in our galaxy.

What is SPHEREx?

SPHEREx stands for Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer. It is an infrared telescope that will divide light from celestial objects into 96 bands. This is advancement over previous telescopes, enabling a broader view of the universe.

Comparison with Other Telescopes

SPHEREx will complement existing telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope. While these telescopes focus on high-resolution images of small areas, SPHEREx will map the entire sky. This capability allows it to gather data on 1 billion galaxies, 100 million stars, and 10,000 asteroids in a short period.

Measuring Cosmic Inflation

A primary objective of SPHEREx is to study cosmic inflation, the rapid expansion of the universe after the Big Bang. About the processes behind this phenomenon is crucial for cosmology. By mapping the entire sky, SPHEREx will help astronomers test various theories related to cosmic inflation.

Identifying Life-Bearing Molecules

SPHEREx will also focus on locating water- and life-bearing molecules in the Milky Way. These biogenic molecules, essential for life, are often found in icy particles in cold regions of the galaxy. By mapping their locations, SPHEREx will enhance our understanding of how these molecules travel to planets, a key step in the emergence of life.

Impact on Astrobiology

The telescope is expected to generate around 8 million new spectroscopic images of biogenic molecules. This vast dataset will allow astronomers to identify regions in space that are promising for life. By analysing patterns in the data, SPHEREx will provide vital information about the conditions necessary for life to form.

Significance of the Mission

SPHEREx represents a transformative step in astronomy and astrobiology. Its ability to map the entire sky and identify biogenic molecules will revolutionise our understanding of the cosmos and our place within it. The mission will not only enhance our knowledge of the universe’s history but also contribute to the search for life beyond Earth.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Analyse the significance of cosmic inflation in modern cosmology.
2. Critically discuss the technological advancements in telescopes and their impact on astronomical research.
3. Examine the role of biogenic molecules in the origin of life. How do they contribute to astrobiology?
4. Estimate the implications of mapping the entire sky for understanding the universe’s structure and evolution.

Answer Hints:

1. Analyse the significance of cosmic inflation in modern cosmology.

1. Cosmic inflation explains the uniformity of the universe, addressing the flatness problem and the horizon problem.
2. It provides a framework for understanding the rapid expansion of space-time post-Big Bang.
3. Inflationary theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which can be tested with future observations.
4. It helps in the formation of large-scale structures, influencing galaxy formation and distribution.
5. About inflation is key to probing the fundamental physics of the early universe and potential new physics beyond the Standard Model.

2. Critically discuss the technological advancements in telescopes and their impact on astronomical research.

1. Modern telescopes like SPHEREx use infrared technology, allowing for the observation of cooler and more distant objects.
2. Advancements in spectroscopic imaging enable detailed analysis of light from celestial bodies, revealing their composition and movement.
3. Telescopes now have the capability to survey large areas of the sky quickly, facilitating the discovery of new astronomical phenomena.
4. Technological improvements in data processing and analysis enhance the interpretation of vast datasets generated by modern telescopes.
5. These advancements have led to discoveries, such as exoplanets and vital information about the early universe, reshaping our understanding of cosmology.

3. Examine the role of biogenic molecules in the origin of life. How do they contribute to astrobiology?

1. Biogenic molecules, such as water, carbon dioxide, and methanol, are fundamental building blocks for life as we know it.
2. They are often found in icy regions of space, suggesting potential habitats for life in the universe.
3. The study of these molecules helps researchers understand the processes that lead to life’s emergence on planets.
4. Identifying biogenic molecules in different environments aids in the search for extraterrestrial life and informs the conditions necessary for life to thrive.
5. Mapping these molecules across the galaxy provides vital information about the distribution and availability of life’s precursors in the universe.

4. Estimate the implications of mapping the entire sky for understanding the universe’s structure and evolution.

1. Mapping the entire sky allows for a comprehensive view of cosmic structures, revealing patterns in galaxy distribution and clustering.
2. It provides data to test cosmological models and theories, including dark matter and dark energy’s roles in cosmic evolution.
3. A full sky survey aids in identifying anomalies and outliers, which can lead to new discoveries and vital information about cosmic phenomena.
4. Such mapping can uncover new celestial objects, including asteroids and exoplanets, expanding our knowledge of the solar system and beyond.
5. Ultimately, it enhances our understanding of the universe’s history, including its expansion, formation, and potential future evolution.