Sri Lanka‘s population has reached 21,763,170, as reported in the 2024 census released on April 7, 2025. This figure shows an increase of 1,403,731 since the last census in 2012. The Census and Statistics Department provided these insights, denoting demographic shifts across the country.
Population Distribution by Province
The population is unevenly distributed among the provinces. The Western Province accounts for 28.1% of the total population. In contrast, the Northern Province has the smallest share at 5.3%. This disparity indicates regional concentration in urban areas, particularly in the West.
Most Populous Districts
Gampaha, located in the Western Province, is the most populous district, with a population of 2,433,685. Colombo, the capital city district, follows closely with 2,374,461 residents. Other districts with populations exceeding one million include Kurunegala and Kandy, indicating urbanisation trends in these regions.
Least Populous Districts
Mullaithivu, situated in the Northern Province, has the lowest population, recorded at 122,542. This low figure reflects historical factors and socio-economic challenges faced by the region. The disparity in population sizes across districts marks the need for targeted development strategies.
Historical Context of Population Growth
Sri Lanka’s first census in 1871 recorded a population of 2,400,380. The population grew steadily, reaching 12,689,897 by 1971. The highest growth rate was noted in 1953 at 2.8%. However, recent trends show a decline in the growth rate, dropping to 0.5% in 2024 from 0.7% in 2012. This decline may indicate demographic changes such as lower birth rates or increased emigration.
Implications of Population Growth
The ongoing population growth presents both opportunities and challenges. Urban areas may benefit from increased labour supply and economic activity. However, it also raises concerns about infrastructure, housing, and resource management. Policymakers must address these challenges to ensure sustainable development.
Future Projections
Demographic trends suggest a continued focus on urbanisation. The government may need to implement policies that promote balanced regional development. Attention to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities will be crucial for managing population dynamics effectively.
Significance of Census Data
Census data is vital for planning and resource allocation. It informs government policies and helps identify areas requiring intervention. Accurate demographic statistics are essential for understanding social dynamics and guiding future development initiatives.
Questions for UPSC:
- Examine the impact of urbanisation on Sri Lanka’s economy and society.
- Discuss the significance of census data in shaping public policy and resource allocation.
- Analyse the demographic changes in Sri Lanka since its first census in 1871.
- Critically discuss the challenges posed by population growth in developing countries, using Sri Lanka as an example.
Answer Hints:
1. Examine the impact of urbanisation on Sri Lanka’s economy and society.
- Urbanisation has led to increased economic activity, particularly in the Western Province, which houses major cities.
- It has contributed to better employment opportunities, attracting migration from rural to urban areas.
- Urban areas face challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and housing shortages.
- Social dynamics are shifting, with urban populations becoming more diverse and multicultural.
- There is a need for sustainable urban planning to address the implications of rapid urbanisation.
2. Discuss the significance of census data in shaping public policy and resource allocation.
- Census data provides accurate population statistics essential for effective governance and planning.
- It helps identify demographic trends, guiding resource allocation to areas in need.
- Policymakers use census information to develop targeted social programs and infrastructure projects.
- It aids in understanding social dynamics, such as age distribution and migration patterns.
- Regular census data updates are crucial for adapting policies to changing demographic realities.
3. Analyse the demographic changes in Sri Lanka since its first census in 1871.
- The population has grown from 2,400,380 in 1871 to 21,763,170 in 2024, showing growth over time.
- Growth rates peaked at 2.8% in 1953, but have declined to 0.5% by 2024, indicating changing demographic trends.
- Urbanisation has increased, with concentration of population in the Western Province.
- Regional disparities have emerged, with some areas experiencing population decline or stagnation.
- Socio-economic factors, such as education and health, have evolved alongside demographic changes.
4. Critically discuss the challenges posed by population growth in developing countries, using Sri Lanka as an example.
- Population growth can lead to strain on infrastructure, necessitating improvements in transportation and housing.
- Increased demand for resources like water, food, and healthcare can overwhelm existing systems.
- Economic disparities may widen, as urban areas attract more investment compared to rural regions.
- Social issues such as unemployment and poverty can be exacerbated by rapid population increases.
- Effective policy interventions are required to balance growth with sustainable development and resource management.
