A comprehensive genome-wide study of the highly endangered staghorn coral species in the Caribbean has pinpointed ten genomic regions associated with increased resilience against white band disease. Staghorn coral is vital to Caribbean coral reefs, forms dense “thickets” in shallow waters, offering essential habitats for various reef creatures. These corals rely on photosynthetic algae for nutrition and reproduce through broadcast spawning. However, they face multiple threats, including climate change, diseases like white band disease, and unsustainable fishing practices. White band disease remains a challenge with its exact causative agent still unidentified, making conservation efforts crucial for the survival of this vital coral species.
Facts/Terms for UPSC Prelims
- Elkhorn Coral and Star Corals: Elkhorn coral and star corals are other essential coral species found in the Caribbean. Together with staghorn coral, they have played a significant role in constructing Caribbean coral reefs over thousands of years.
- Thickets: Thickets are dense groupings of staghorn coral in shallow waters. They serve as important habitats for various reef animals, particularly fish, and contribute to the overall health of coral reef ecosystems.
- Simultaneous Hermaphrodite: Staghorn coral is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, meaning each colony can produce both eggs and sperm. This adaptation enhances genetic diversity by promoting outcrossing, where individuals from different colonies fertilize each other’s eggs.
- Broadcast Spawning: Broadcast spawning is a reproductive strategy where corals release eggs and sperm into the water column simultaneously, allowing fertilization to occur externally. This method contributes to the dispersal of coral larvae, which settle on hard surfaces to form new colonies.
- White Band Disease: White band disease is a common coral disease characterized by tissue loss. While it is believed to be caused by a communicable agent, the specific pathogen responsible has not been definitively identified. This disease poses a significant threat to staghorn coral and other coral species.
- Unsustainable Fishing Pressure: Unsustainable fishing practices, such as overfishing and destructive fishing methods, can harm coral reef ecosystems by disrupting the balance of marine life and damaging coral structures. These practices pose a threat to staghorn coral populations and their habitats.