In India, data from the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has shed light on a striking disparity in organ transplantation by gender. Between 1995 and 2021, the statistics show that men received four out of every five organ transplants, suggesting a significant imbalance in healthcare access. This article delves deeper into the data, illuminating the causes and consequences of this issue.
The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO)
Established under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in New Delhi, NOTTO deals with the procurement, distribution, and registry of organ and tissue donation and transplantation across India. It functions as an apex center, coordinating with all Indian activities linked to these processes.
Trends in Organ Transplants in India
According to NOTTO data, during the period 1995 to 2021, out of 36,640 organ recipients, 29,695 were men and only 6,945 were women. Surprisingly, studies reveal that more women than men donate their organs. The disparity in organ transplantation thus appears to stem from inadequate access for women to healthcare and treatment, influenced by socio-cultural and economic factors.
NOTTO data also shows a surge in the number of organ transplants in India, peaking at 16,041 procedures in 2022. Kidney transplants are the most widespread, followed by liver, heart, and lung transplants. Geographically, Delhi leads in living donor transplants, while Tamil Nadu stands first in deceased donor transplants. Globally, India ranks third in performing the maximum number of transplants.
Causes and Consequences of Gender Disparity in Organ Transplants
Several intertwined factors contribute to the gender disparity in organ transplants. Predominantly, gender inequality in Indian society often leads to the neglect of women’s health and well-being. Other contributing factors include lack of awareness about organ transplants, preferential treatment of male family members as recipients, and stigmas associated with organ donation, particularly among women. Financial constraints also play a role since organ transplants entail expensive long-term medication.
The consequences of these disparities perpetuate gender bias and discrimination within the healthcare system and can lead to neglect, harassment, or denial of treatment to women by medical staff.
Indian Legislation on Organ Donation
The primary law governing organ transplants in India is the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994. Enacted to prevent commercial dealings in human organs, it provides a systematic approach to the removal, storage, and transplantation of human organs.
The Way Forward
To mitigate the gender disparity in organ transplants, necessary steps include organizing awareness campaigns about organ donation targeting women and their families. Providing counseling and support services can help combat misconceptions and fears connected to organ transplantation.
Strengthening the network and infrastructure for organ and tissue donation and transplantation is crucial, as is the consistent implementation of legal and ethical norms. Encouraging women’s participation as both donors and recipients is vital for achieving equity in organ transplants.
