A recent study reveals concerning predictions about the inevitable melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet due to warming ocean waters. This alarming development has far-reaching implications, with the potential to raise global mean sea levels considerably – up to 5.3 meters. Such a dramatic change could adversely affect millions of people living in vulnerable coastal cities globally, including India.
Understanding Ice Sheets and Their Impact on Sea Levels
An ice sheet, by definition, is a mass of glacier ice that covers more than 50,000 square kilometers of land. These ice sheets, like the West Antarctic ice sheet, encompass vast land areas and hold substantial freshwater reserves. The world’s two primary ice sheets, located in Greenland and Antarctica, collectively possess nearly two-thirds of Earth’s freshwater. Fluctuations in the mass of these ice sheets, whether through accumulation or loss, can cause global mean sea levels to rise or fall. Notably, the Antarctic ice sheet alone accounts for 90% of all ice volume on Earth.
The Mechanics of Ice Sheet Melting
Ice shelves, which offer stability to the land-based glaciers behind them, play a pivotal role in ice sheet dynamics. The melting of ice sheets can occur via several mechanisms, but one key process involves warm ocean waters causing erosion of the ice shelves. When these ice shelves thin out or disintegrate, the glaciers behind them accelerate and release more ice into the ocean, leading to sea level rise. It’s important to distinguish between ice shelves, ice sheets, and sea ice – the latter forms when seawater freezes around the polar regions.
Disturbing Current Trends and Findings
The recent findings regarding the Antarctic are distressing. They signal significant, widespread warming of the Amundsen Sea and an alarming escalation in ice shelf melting across all considered scenarios. This anticipated melting will inevitably contribute to an increased sea level rise, resulting in profound impacts on coastal communities globally.
Ramifications for India and Other Vulnerable Coastal Regions
India, with its extensive coastline and densely populated areas, is particularly susceptible to rising sea levels. Displacement of coastal communities or the creation of climate refugees due to defensive failures against rising seas underscores the pressing need for adaptive strategies, including the construction of protective infrastructure.
India’s Actions in Relation to Antarctica
India became a signatory to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983 and received consultative status later the same year. The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, formerly known as the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, is the leading R&D institution responsible for the country’s research activities in polar and Southern Ocean regions. The Indian Antarctic Act of 2022 regulates visits and activities in Antarctica, providing protection for minerals, native plants, and prohibiting the introduction of non-native birds. Currently, the country operates two research stations in Antarctica – Maitri and Bharati. Dakshin Gangotri, established before 1985, is no longer operational.
The Way Forward: Environmental Protection and Conservation
Strict adherence to the Antarctic Treaty and related agreements is crucial for preserving Antarctica’s unique environment and ecosystems. This involves regulating human activities, managing waste, and minimizing the environmental footprint. Moreover, it’s necessary to develop more efficient materials and infrastructure for research stations and vessels operating in harsh polar conditions.
Exploring Geoengineering Techniques
Researchers are considering techniques such as solar radiation management to potentially slow ice melting. Under moderate emission circumstances, solar radiation management could serve as an effective tool against ice sheet degradation. However, these experimental methods need further exploration to determine their effectiveness and potential environmental effects.