The Supreme Court of India recently issued crucial guidelines to preserve the integrity of DNA samples in criminal cases. This follows concerns over delays and mishandling of samples in serious crimes like rape and murder. The Court directed all States to standardise procedures for collecting, transporting, and storing DNA evidence to ensure reliability and prevent contamination.
Context and Need for Guidelines
The Court observed delays in sending vaginal swab samples to forensic labs. The chain of custody was often broken, raising doubts about sample contamination. Despite existing guidelines, there was no uniform procedure across States. Though policing is a State subject, the Court found it essential to enforce uniformity for justice delivery.
Supreme Court’s Four Key Guidelines
First, DNA sample collection must be carefully documented. Details such as FIR number, statutes involved, investigating officer, and signatures of medical personnel and witnesses are mandatory. Second, the investigating officer must transport the samples promptly to the police station or hospital and ensure delivery to the forensic lab within 48 hours. Any delay must be recorded with reasons. Third, once stored, samples cannot be opened or altered without trial court permission. Fourth, a Chain of Custody Register must be maintained from collection to trial conclusion. This register forms part of the court record and the investigating officer must explain any lapses.
Judicial Observations on DNA Evidence
The Supreme Court has recognised DNA profiles as reliable if proper quality control is maintained. In earlier cases, DNA evidence was rejected due to contamination risks or improper handling. The Court emphasised that procedures outside the lab are as important as laboratory controls. Courts must scrutinise the basis and techniques behind DNA findings carefully.
Importance and Limitations of DNA Evidence
DNA carries genetic information and can be extracted from various biological materials. Matching DNA from a crime scene with a suspect’s sample indicates biological connection but is not conclusive proof. DNA evidence is considered opinion evidence under the Evidence Act. Its probative value varies and must be scientifically and legally established.
Ensuring Reliable DNA Evidence in Criminal Justice
Proper sample collection, swift transportation, secure storage, and meticulous documentation are vital. Investigating officers and forensic experts share responsibility for maintaining evidence integrity. Uniform guidelines help prevent sample contamination and strengthen the credibility of DNA evidence in courts.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the importance of chain of custody in forensic evidence and its impact on criminal justice delivery.
- Explain the role of the judiciary in standardising forensic procedures in a federal system like India. With suitable examples, discuss challenges faced in uniform implementation.
- What are the scientific and legal limitations of DNA evidence in criminal trials? How should courts balance these aspects while delivering justice?
- Comment on the interplay between State and Union powers in policing and public order under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. How do judicial interventions shape this relationship?
