The Supreme Court of India recently issued comprehensive guidelines to standardise the collection, preservation, and processing of DNA evidence in criminal cases. This move follows the acquittal of a man on death row due to unreliable DNA evidence marred by procedural lapses. The court emphasised the need for uniform protocols to ensure forensic evidence is scientifically sound and legally robust.
Importance of DNA Evidence in Criminal Investigations
DNA evidence identifies individuals through their unique genetic markers. Investigators collect biological materials like blood, saliva, or hair from crime scenes. These samples are compared to reference samples from suspects or victims. A match across multiple markers can strongly link a suspect to a crime. DNA evidence is crucial in establishing guilt or innocence in courts worldwide.
Key Guidelines Issued by the Supreme Court
The court mandated that trained personnel must collect biological samples using protective gear. Samples must be sealed immediately in tamper-proof containers and labelled with details such as FIR number, date, legal sections, officer information, and police station. Documentation requires signatures from the medical expert, investigating officer, and an independent witness. Samples should reach forensic labs within 48 hours and be stored to prevent degradation. No sample can be opened or altered without trial court approval. A detailed chain of custody log must track every handling stage to maintain evidence integrity.
Addressing Past Procedural Deficiencies
The court’s decision arose from a case in Tamil Nadu where DNA evidence was deemed unreliable. The post-mortem was conducted improperly, and key DNA samples lacked proper documentation. These lapses compromised the prosecution’s case, resulting in acquittal. The guidelines aim to prevent such inconsistencies and errors that can lead to wrongful convictions or acquittals.
Significance of Uniform Procedures Across India
Uniform guidelines will harmonise forensic practices across states. This reduces discrepancies in evidence collection and reporting. It also strengthens the credibility of forensic science in courts. Experts note that a robust, tamper-proof process from collection to analysis eliminates contamination risks. This enhances public trust in the criminal justice system and ensures fair trials.
Impact on Forensic Science and Legal Processes
The guidelines promote scientific rigour in forensic evidence management. They reinforce accountability among investigating agencies and forensic labs. By standardising procedures, they facilitate faster and more reliable investigations. This also aids in the effective administration of justice by providing courts with credible evidence.
Future Implications for Criminal Justice
The Supreme Court’s intervention sets a precedent for integrating modern forensic standards in India’s legal framework. It marks the importance of procedural integrity in evidence handling. Law enforcement agencies will need to adapt and train personnel accordingly. This development is expected to reduce wrongful convictions and enhance the use of DNA evidence in crime-solving.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the role of forensic science in strengthening the criminal justice system in India.
- Examine the challenges faced in maintaining the chain of custody for forensic evidence and suggest measures to overcome them.
- Analyse the impact of procedural lapses in evidence handling on the outcomes of criminal trials. How can uniform guidelines mitigate these issues?
- Estimate the significance of DNA evidence in modern criminal investigations and point out the ethical concerns associated with its use.
