Supreme Court to Hear GM Mustard Approval Challenges

The Supreme Court of India is set to hear challenges regarding the environment ministry’s approval for the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) mustard. This decision follows a split verdict on the matter in July 2024. The court aims to address concerns raised by activists and NGOs regarding the safety and regulation of GM crops.

Background on GM Mustard Approval

The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) approved the environmental release of GM mustard hybrid DMH-11 in October 2022. This approval included the use of specific genes for developing new hybrids. The decision has sparked debate over the safety and ethical implications of GM crops in India.

Supreme Court Proceedings

The Supreme Court has scheduled hearings for April 15 and 16, 2025. The bench, consisting of Justices Abhay S Oka, Sudhanshu Dhulia, and Ujjal Bhuyan, will consider written submissions from all parties involved. The Attorney General has requested additional time to present arguments for the Centre.

Previous Court Rulings

In July 2024, the Supreme Court issued a split verdict regarding the validity of the Centre’s 2022 decision. However, it unanimously directed the Centre to create a national policy on GM crops. This policy should address research, cultivation, trade, and commerce aspects of GM organisms in India.

Concerns Raised by Activists

Activists, including Aruna Rodrigues and the NGO Gene Campaign, have raised concerns about the safety of GM crops. They seek a moratorium on the release of any GM organisms until rigorous bio-safety protocols are established. They advocate for transparency and independent expert reviews to ensure public safety.

Importance of Bio-safety Protocols

Bio-safety protocols are essential for assessing the risks associated with GM crops. These protocols should involve comprehensive testing and evaluation by independent bodies. The aim is to protect both human health and the environment from potential adverse effects of GM organisms.

Future Implications

The outcome of the Supreme Court hearings may have implications for the future of GM crops in India. A ruling in favour of stringent regulations could lead to a more cautious approach to GM cultivation. Conversely, a ruling supporting the government’s approval might accelerate the adoption of GM crops in Indian agriculture.

Global Context of GM Crops

Globally, the debate over GM crops continues. Many countries have implemented strict regulations, while others embrace GM technology for increased agricultural productivity. The Indian case reflects broader global discussions on food security, environmental sustainability, and technological innovation in agriculture.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the implications of genetically modified organisms on biodiversity and food security in India.
2. Estimate the role of the Supreme Court in shaping agricultural policies, especially concerning genetically modified crops.
3. Point out the ethical considerations involved in the cultivation of genetically modified organisms in agriculture.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the global trends in the regulation of genetically modified crops and their impact on domestic policies.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the implications of genetically modified organisms on biodiversity and food security in India.

1. GMOs can potentially increase crop yields, contributing to food security.
2. Concerns exist regarding the impact of GM crops on native biodiversity and ecosystems.
3. Cross-pollination between GM and non-GM crops can lead to loss of genetic diversity.
4. GM crops may require specific agricultural practices, impacting traditional farming methods.
5. Regulatory frameworks are essential to mitigate risks to biodiversity and ensure sustainable food production.

2. Estimate the role of the Supreme Court in shaping agricultural policies, especially concerning genetically modified crops.

1. The Supreme Court interprets laws and ensures compliance with constitutional provisions related to agriculture.
2. It can mandate the formulation of national policies, as seen in the direction for GM crop regulations.
3. The Court acts as a check on governmental decisions, promoting accountability and transparency.
4. Judicial rulings can influence public perception and acceptance of agricultural technologies.
5. Supreme Court decisions may set precedents that guide future agricultural policy-making.

3. Point out the ethical considerations involved in the cultivation of genetically modified organisms in agriculture.

1. Ethical concerns include the potential for monopolies by biotech companies over seed supply.
2. There are questions about the long-term health effects of consuming GM foods.
3. Issues of consent and labeling for consumers regarding GM products are .
4. Impact on smallholder farmers and their rights to traditional seeds is a critical ethical issue.
5. Transparency in research and public involvement in decision-making processes is essential for ethical governance.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the global trends in the regulation of genetically modified crops and their impact on domestic policies.

1. Countries like the USA have embraced GM technology for increased productivity, influencing global markets.
2. In contrast, the EU has stringent regulations and labeling requirements for GMOs, affecting trade dynamics.
3. International agreements like the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety guide nations on GM crop regulations.
4. Domestic policies in countries often reflect global trends, balancing innovation with safety concerns.
5. Emerging economies may adopt varied approaches based on local agricultural needs and public sentiment.