Tamil Jainism – Celebrating 2,550 Years of Mahaveer

This year marks milestone for Jains globally as they celebrate the 2,550th anniversary of Mahaveer’s parinirvana. This event is revered similarly to Diwali within the Jain community. In Tamil Nadu, the celebrations hold additional significance as it coincides with the 50th anniversary of the state government’s commitment to protect Tamil Jainism. The historical context of Jainism in Tamil Nadu reveals a rich tapestry of cultural and religious evolution.

Historical Context of Jainism in Tamil Nadu

Jainism was introduced to Tamil Nadu by Bhadrabahu, a disciple of Mahaveer, around the 3rd century BCE. He migrated south with followers during a famine. The early presence of Jainism is evidenced by stone inscriptions and ancient texts. Jains in Tamilakam referred to themselves as ‘Samanar’, indicating their ascetic lifestyle. They contributed to society by providing education, shelter, and healthcare.

Government Support and Historical Events

In 1974, the DMK government, led by M. Karunanidhi, commemorated Mahaveer’s 2,500th parinirvana. This was a unique instance of state support for a religious event. Karunanidhi acknowledged Jain philosophy’s influence on his government’s self-respect movement. Promises were made to preserve Jain temples and literature, denoting the state’s recognition of Jain contributions.

Comparative Decline of Jainism and Rise of Buddhism

While Jainism has seen a decline in Tamil Nadu, Buddhism is experiencing a resurgence. Factors contributing to Jainism’s decline include its strict ascetic practices and limited political influence. In contrast, Buddhism has gained traction through cultural revival, digital platforms, and dalit activism. The rise of films featuring Buddhist themes has further popularised this religion.

Challenges Faced by Tamil Jainism

Jain monks, especially from the Digambara sect, face challenges due to their austere practices. The perception of Jainism as a rigid faith limits its appeal in ’s materialistic society. Moreover, Tamil Jainism’s reliance on wealthy northern Jains for support has led to compromises in cultural and architectural authenticity.

Efforts Towards Revival

Despite the challenges, efforts to revive Tamil Jainism are ongoing. Initiatives like the ‘Ahimsa Walk’ aim to preserve Jain villages and temples. Recent discoveries of 130 Jain villages in Tamil Nadu indicate that the faith, although small in numbers, continues to be practised. New temples are being constructed, and ancient sites are being managed by archaeological authorities.

Distinctive Features of Tamil Jainism

Tamil Jainism is characterised by its two major sects, Svetambara and Digambara. Unlike Tamil Buddhism, which allows the consumption of meat under specific conditions, Tamil Jainism strongly advocates veganism. Ancient Tamil texts authored by Jains, such as Silappathikaram and Manimekalai, highlight the literary contributions of Jain scholars.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the historical significance of Mahaveer’s teachings in shaping Jainism in Tamil Nadu.
2. Critically examine the factors leading to the decline of Jainism in Tamil Nadu compared to the rise of Buddhism.
3. Explain the role of the Tamil Nadu government in promoting Jainism since 1974.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the contributions of Jainism to Tamil culture and society.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the historical significance of Mahaveer’s teachings in shaping Jainism in Tamil Nadu.

1. Mahaveer, the 24th Tirthankara, emphasized non-violence (ahimsa) and truth, which became foundational principles of Jainism.
2. His teachings led to the establishment of a strong ascetic tradition in Tamil Nadu, influencing the local culture.
3. Jainism, introduced by Bhadrabahu in the 3rd century BCE, spread rapidly, integrating with Tamil society and language.
4. The term ‘Samanar’ reflected the identity of Jains as ascetics and their contributions to education and healthcare.
5. Mahaveer’s teachings encourageed a rich literary tradition in Tamil, with texts like Silappathikaram authored by Jains.

2. Critically examine the factors leading to the decline of Jainism in Tamil Nadu compared to the rise of Buddhism.

1. Jainism’s strict ascetic practices, such as celibacy and veganism, are less appealing in ‘s materialistic society.
2. The Digambara sect’s austere lifestyle has limited its follower base, contrasting with Buddhism’s adaptable approach.
3. Buddhism has gained popularity through cultural revival, digital platforms, and dalit activism, resonating with contemporary issues.
4. Jainism’s lack of political influence in Tamil Nadu has hindered its visibility compared to Buddhism’s resurgence through activism.
5. Jainism’s perception as an Indian religion limited its spread, while Buddhism crossed cultural boundaries into Asia.

3. Explain the role of the Tamil Nadu government in promoting Jainism since 1974.

1. In 1974, the DMK government led by M. Karunanidhi commemorated Mahaveer’s 2,500th parinirvana, marking state support for Jainism.
2. The government promised to preserve Jain temples, literature, and inscriptions, acknowledging their cultural significance.
3. Karunanidhi linked his government’s philosophy to Jain teachings, reflecting an understanding of Jain contributions to Tamil culture.
4. State-run publications like ‘Tamilarasu’ brought into light Jainism, showcasing it as a vital part of Tamil heritage.
5. Efforts to maintain Jain sites and support local communities have continued, although the impact has varied over time.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the contributions of Jainism to Tamil culture and society.

1. Jainism introduced the concept of ‘Samanar’, influencing local terminology and identity within Tamil society.
2. Jains contributed to education, establishing ‘pallikkoodam’ (schools) and promoting literacy through local language texts.
3. Ancient Tamil literature, such as Silappathikaram and Manimekalai, showcases Jain philosophical themes and ethical teachings.
4. Jain temples, with unique architectural styles, enriched Tamil cultural heritage and served as community centers.
5. Jains played role in agriculture, treating it with reverence, contrasting with the views of other religious sects.