Telangana Implements Scheduled Caste Sub-Categorisation

On 14 April 2025, the Telangana government issued a gazette notification formalising the sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes (SCs) within the state. This initiative marks Telangana as the first state of India to implement such a system, known as “reservation within reservation.” The move follows a Supreme Court ruling that allows for further classification of SCs and Scheduled Tribes (STs) to enhance the representation of more backward castes within these groups.

Background of Scheduled Caste Sub-Categorisation

Scheduled Castes in India have long faced socio-economic disadvantages. The demand for sub-categorisation arose to better allocate reservation benefits among various SC groups. Activists, particularly from the Madiga community, have campaigned for this classification for over three decades. The recent Supreme Court decision has provided a legal framework for implementing these changes.

Details of the Gazette Notification

The gazette notification divides SCs into three groups – – Group I – 1% reservation for 15 socio-economically backward castes. – Group II – 9% reservation for 18 castes. – Group III – 5% reservation for 26 castes. This structure allows for a more equitable distribution of reservation benefits, addressing the needs of various communities within the SC category.

Legislative Framework

The Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservation) Act, 2025, underpins this initiative. The Act received the governor’s assent on 8 April 2025 and was published in the Telangana Gazette. This legal backing is essential for the implementation of the reservation policy in employment and education sectors.

Political Implications and Reactions

Telangana’s Chief Minister, A Revanth Reddy, hailed the decision as historic and a tribute to Dr B.R. Ambedkar, a key figure in India’s constitution-making. However, the move has faced opposition, particularly from the Malas, another SC sub-caste that is against the subdivision. Balancing the interests of various groups is crucial for the government as it navigates this complex socio-political landscape.

Future Considerations

The Chief Minister indicated that if the census in 2026 shows an increase in the SC population, the government would adjust reservations accordingly. This forward-thinking approach aims to ensure that the reservation system remains relevant and responsive to demographic changes.

Challenges Ahead

Despite the legislative success, the implementation of this policy may encounter hurdles. Resistance from certain sub-castes could complicate the allocation of benefits. Ensuring equitable access to opportunities for all SC groups will require ongoing dialogue and negotiation.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the impact of sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes on social justice in India.
2. Critically discuss the role of the Supreme Court in shaping reservation policies in India.
3. Analyse the socio-political implications of implementing reservation within reservation in Telangana.
4. Estimate the potential effects of the 2026 census on the reservation system for Scheduled Castes in Telangana.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the impact of sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes on social justice in India.

1. Sub-categorisation aims to address historical injustices faced by different SC groups.
2. It allows for targeted benefits, ensuring more equitable distribution of resources.
3. Empowers marginalized groups like the Madigas, who have long demanded recognition.
4. Addresses socio-economic disparities within the SC community, promoting inclusivity.
5. Potentially reduces inter-community conflicts over reservation benefits.

2. Critically discuss the role of the Supreme Court in shaping reservation policies in India.

1. The Supreme Court has provided legal validation for sub-categorisation, influencing state policies.
2. It ensures that reservation policies comply with constitutional mandates of equality.
3. Judicial interventions have often balanced the interests of various social groups.
4. Rulings have prompted legislative changes, as seen with the Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservation) Act, 2025.
5. Critics argue that the Court’s decisions can sometimes lead to further divisions among communities.

3. Analyse the socio-political implications of implementing reservation within reservation in Telangana.

1. Creates a precedent for other states to consider similar sub-categorisation frameworks.
2. May lead to political realignments as parties respond to the interests of different SC groups.
3. Potentially exacerbates tensions between SC sub-castes, particularly between Malas and Madigas.
4. Encourages greater political mobilization and representation of historically marginalized groups.
5. Influences public discourse on caste and social justice, shaping future policies.

4. Estimate the potential effects of the 2026 census on the reservation system for Scheduled Castes in Telangana.

1. An increase in SC population could lead to adjustments in reservation quotas based on demographic data.
2. May necessitate revisiting the current sub-categorisation framework to ensure fair representation.
3. Could influence political strategies and campaigning by parties ahead of elections.
4. Potentially marks the need for ongoing assessment of socio-economic needs within SC communities.
5. Impacts funding and resource allocation for education and employment initiatives for SCs.