Tree Species Under Threat – Resilience and Benefits

Tree species globally face threats. Recent research indicates that over one in three tree species is at risk of extinction. Human activities such as deforestation, climate change, and urbanisation are major contributors to this crisis. Despite these challenges, certain tree species demonstrate remarkable resilience and provide essential benefits to ecosystems and societies.

The Importance of Trees

Trees play a critical role in our environment. They provide food, absorb carbon dioxide, and enhance biodiversity. Trees also contribute to soil health and can promote gender equity by providing livelihoods, especially in rural communities. Their conservation is vital for maintaining ecological balance.

Baobabs – Resilient African Giants

The baobab tree is iconic in Africa. Known for its longevity, some individuals can live for over 2,500 years. Baobabs are resilient against drought and wildfires due to their thick, non-flammable bark and ability to store water in their trunks. They support local economies by providing food and materials, particularly benefiting women who harvest their fruit. Despite their resilience, baobabs face threats from livestock and habitat loss.

Giant Sequoias – Ancient Protectors

Giant sequoias, native to California, are the largest trees by volume. They can reach heights of 90 metres and live for over 3,200 years. Their thick bark and high canopies protect them from fire, which is essential for their reproduction. However, increasing drought and competition from taller trees have made them more vulnerable. Giant sequoias are also carbon sinks, absorbing approximately 85 kg of carbon annually.

Mangroves – Coastal Guardians

Mangroves thrive in intertidal zones and are crucial for coastal ecosystems. They can survive harsh, salty environments and are among the most biodiverse habitats on Earth. Mangroves protect coastal communities from storm surges and erosion, safeguarding over 15 million people globally. They are also highly effective at carbon capture, storing up to five times more carbon per acre than tropical rainforests. However, human activities have led to the loss of approximately 35% of mangrove habitats since 1980.

Conservation Efforts

Urgent action is needed to conserve tree species. Initiatives like the World Economic Forum’s platform aim to mobilise the private sector for tree conservation. Projects such as Vida Manglar in Colombia demonstrate successful community collaboration in restoring mangrove habitats. These efforts highlight the importance of cross-sector partnerships in environmental conservation.

Questions for UPSC –

1. Critically analyse the role of trees in combating climate change and promoting biodiversity.
2. What are the ecological benefits of mangroves? Explain their significance in coastal regions.
3. Comment on the factors contributing to the decline of giant sequoias and suggest conservation strategies.
4. What is the impact of human activities on baobab populations? With suitable examples, explain the importance of these trees in local economies.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the role of trees in combating climate change and promoting biodiversity.

1. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, reducing greenhouse gases and mitigating climate change.
2. They enhance biodiversity by providing habitats for various species, promoting ecosystem stability.
3. Trees improve soil health through nutrient cycling and preventing erosion.
4. They contribute to water cycle regulation, enhancing local climates and weather patterns.
5. Forests offer resources for sustainable livelihoods, supporting economic stability while preserving nature.

2. What are the ecological benefits of mangroves? Explain their significance in coastal regions.

1. Mangroves act as natural barriers against storm surges and coastal erosion, protecting coastal communities.
2. They provide critical habitats for diverse marine and terrestrial species, enhancing biodiversity.
3. Mangroves capture carbon efficiently, storing up to five times more carbon per acre than tropical rainforests.
4. They improve water quality by filtering pollutants and sediments from runoff.
5. Mangroves support local economies by providing resources like fish and timber, essential for livelihoods.

3. Comment on the factors contributing to the decline of giant sequoias and suggest conservation strategies.

1. Increased drought conditions stress giant sequoias, making them more susceptible to fire and disease.
2. Competition from taller trees reduces light and resources available to sequoias, hindering their growth.
3. Human activities, including logging and land development, threaten their natural habitats.
4. Conservation strategies include protecting their habitats, promoting controlled burns to manage underbrush, and restoring natural water regimes.
5. Engaging local communities in conservation efforts can enhance awareness and support for preserving these iconic trees.

4. What is the impact of human activities on baobab populations? With suitable examples, explain the importance of these trees in local economies.

1. Human activities such as livestock grazing damage baobab roots, threatening their survival.
2. Deforestation for agriculture and urban development reduces the natural habitat for baobabs.
3. Baobabs provide vital resources, including food, medicine, and materials, supporting local economies.
4. Women often benefit economically from harvesting and selling baobab fruit, promoting gender equity.
5. Conservation efforts, like community awareness programs, can help protect baobab populations and sustain local livelihoods.