The University Grants Commission (UGC) in 2025 released draft Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) for multiple disciplines. This new curriculum marks the integration of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) across subjects. The LOCF also redefines discrimination, limiting caste-based discrimination to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The draft has sparked debate, especially in opposition-ruled states, over concerns of ideological bias. Stakeholders have been invited to provide feedback on the proposals.
Overview of the LOCF Initiative
The LOCF aims to align higher education with outcome-based learning principles. It covers anthropology, chemistry, commerce, economics, geography, home science, mathematics, physical education, and political science. The framework emphasises discipline-specific courses with limited scope for multidisciplinary studies. For instance, the BSc Chemistry honours course proposes 172 credits, mostly focused on core and elective chemistry subjects.
Integration of Indian Knowledge Systems
Indian Knowledge Systems form a core part of the LOCF. Each subject incorporates indigenous concepts and historical contributions. Chemistry includes ancient Indian atom theories alongside modern atomic models. Mathematics covers Indian contributions to arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and calculus, featuring traditional arts like mandala geometry and yantras. Commerce embeds Bhartiya philosophy, denoting ethical leadership and sustainability inspired by ancient Gurukul values.
Subject-Specific Highlights
In commerce, Kautilya’s Arthashastra is introduced to teach governance, trade, and financial management. Concepts like Ram Rajya are linked to modern corporate social responsibility and ESG frameworks. Economics courses explore dharmic ideas of wealth, labour ethics, guild codes, and ecological values. Chemistry discusses traditional fermented beverages and ancient knowledge of Parmanu (atom). Anthropology integrates indigenous perspectives from thinkers like Charaka and Buddha, promoting a decolonised educational approach.
Controversies and Stakeholder Response
The LOCF’s emphasis on Indian Knowledge Systems has faced criticism from some states, accusing it of ‘saffronisation’ or ideological bias. The UGC has opened the draft for public consultation to gather diverse viewpoints. The curriculum reflects the National Education Policy’s goals but prioritises single-major pathways over multidisciplinary learning, which has raised concerns about academic flexibility.
Implications for Higher Education
The draft LOCF represents a shift towards incorporating India’s intellectual heritage in university education. It seeks to promote ethical and sustainable practices by linking ancient wisdom with modern disciplines. The framework also redefines key terms like discrimination to focus on specific social groups. The success of this curriculum depends on balancing traditional knowledge with scientific rigour and inclusivity.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss in the light of the National Education Policy 2020, the role of Indian Knowledge Systems in higher education curriculum reforms.
- Critically examine the challenges and opportunities in integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific education in India.
- Explain the concept of ‘discrimination’ as redefined by the University Grants Commission and its implications for social justice policies.
- With suitable examples, discuss the importance of ethical decision-making and sustainability in commerce education in contemporary India.
