In recent times, internet shutdowns have been a matter of concern worldwide. A recent report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) throws light on this global issue, explaining how such shutdowns impact various aspects of life, from everyday communication to economic stability.
Defining Internet Shutdowns
The term ‘internet shutdown’ refers to any intentional disruption of internet services, usually orchestrated by a ruling government or authority. These shutdowns may range from complete internet blockage to throttling bandwidth and limiting mobile services, making it difficult for internet users to access data or carry out digital activities.
This phenomenon is not uncommon, with myriad governments resorting to internet shutdowns for varied reasons. Often, these measures are implemented during times of civil unrest, security threats, or electoral procedures. However, they severely restrict the free flow of information, obstructing activities like video-sharing or broadcasting and impeding human rights reporting.
International Frameworks & Internet Access
Internet shutdowns tamper with fundamental human rights, primarily freedom of expression and access to information. These rights are pivotal for the growth of democratic societies and personal development as outlined in several international agreements such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Internet access is also an essential element in accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals. Various international bodies like the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) work towards ensuring network interconnectivity and better internet access.
Global & Indian Perspective on Internet Shutdowns
The first major incident of an internet shutdown recognized globally was in Egypt in 2011, which involved numerous arrests and fatalities. Data collated by the #KeepItOn coalition shows that between 2016 and 2021, 931 internet shutdown incidents took place across 74 countries. During these years, 12 countries experienced more than ten such shutdowns.
Asia and Africa are the regions where the majority of shutdowns occur. Most of these are officially justified by the need for controlling hate speech, disinformation, or other harmful content. In the case of India, out of 106 internet disruptions, 85 were in Jammu & Kashmir.
Impact of Shutdowns During Elections
Internet shutdowns during elections can have significant repercussions. They limit digital campaigning, hinder public discussion, obstruct voting, and interfere with election oversight processes. In 2019, 14 African countries experienced internet disruptions during their electoral periods. Such disruptions also impede media coverage, which is essential for fair elections, as witnessed in Uganda in 2021.
Economic, Educational, and Health Impacts of Internet Shutdowns
Internet shutdowns often lead to significant economic losses. The World Bank estimates that the shutdowns in Myanmar resulted in a loss of nearly USD 2.8 billion between February and December 2021, causing a major setback for the country’s economy.
In terms of education, these shutdowns disrupt learning outcomes and effective communication among teachers, students, and parents. Moreover, they also impact health systems by disrupting crucial services such as urgent medical care, delivery of essential medicines, and exchange of health information among medical personnel. In Myanmar, these shutdowns posed risks to local aid organizations by obstructing fund procurement.
The Supreme Court of India on Internet Shutdowns
According to a ruling by the Indian Supreme Court in the Anuradha Bhasin v. UOI (2020) case, internet shutdowns do not violate Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. However, they should only be implemented under serious threats to public safety or national security, following a thorough balancing test.
Way Forward
The OHCHR report suggests that greater transparency about shutdown measures and their impacts can help combat increasing internet shutdowns. It also urges states to maximize internet access, avoid shutdowns, and remove communication barriers. Additionally, it encourages companies to share information promptly regarding disruptions and take all possible lawful actions to prevent any shutdowns they have been asked to implement.
