The United Nations (UN) World Social Report 2023, titled “Leaving no one behind in an ageing world,” predicts a significant rise in the global population of individuals aged 65 years and above in the next three decades. By 2050, the elderly population is projected to reach 1.6 billion, making up more than 16% of the worldwide population. The most rapid growth of older people is expected in North Africa, West Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. Presently, Europe and North America house the highest proportion of older persons.
This demographic shift raises concerns about the adequacy of old-age support systems in both young and old countries. Gender inequality also tends to persist into old age. Lower levels of formal labour market participation, shorter working lives, and lower wages generally contribute to more economic insecurity for women in their later years.
Exploring the Ageing of the Population
Ageing of the population refers to the process where the percentage of older individuals in a society increases over time. This is usually gauged by the proportion of people who are over a specific age, such as those who are 65 years or older.
In India, according to the National Commission on Population, the proportion of the elderly in the population was nearly 9% in 2011. However, this figure is rising rapidly, with forecasts suggesting it may reach 18% by 2036. Life expectancy in India has more than doubled since Independence, rising from around 32 years in the late 1940s to approximately 70 years today.
The Challenges Associated with the Ageing Population
An ageing population brings with it certain challenges. Healthcare costs rise as older people are more susceptible to chronic physical health conditions, requiring more healthcare services. This results in escalated healthcare costs for governments, insurers, and individuals.
Additionally, ageing populations place pressure on social security systems. As fewer people work and contribute to these systems, while more retirees draw benefits, governments may face the need to increase taxes or cut benefits.
Mental health issues are another significant concern, with recent surveys showing that between 30% to 50% of elderly individuals display symptoms of depression due to feelings of powerlessness and loneliness. Elderly women, particularly widows, make up the majority of older persons living alone. Other problems include neglect by children, disillusionment post-retirement, generational gaps, and isolation.
Current Initiatives for the Ageing Population
Several current schemes aim to support the elderly population. These include the Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY), Integrated Program for Older Persons (IPOP), SAMPANN Project, SACRED Portal for Elderly, and Elder Line: a toll-free number for the elderly.
The Decade of Healthy Aging (2021-2030) is an international initiative by the World Health Organization and the UN, building on the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing.
Steps Towards a Brighter Future
Increasing funding for healthcare and social security programs can aid older citizens. It is also important to promote healthy ageing and preventive healthcare, which can reduce the burden of chronic disease.
Improving pension schemes and expanding their coverage can offer financial security to older citizens. Corporate Social Responsibility can motivate the private sector to participate in providing elderly care services and developing age-friendly infrastructure.
Old Age Self Help Groups can be locally formed and linked with handloom and handicraft activities. This type of engagement can help keep the elderly socially and physically active. Organizing periodic board game programs at the local level encourages intergenerational bonding through activities that connect older and younger citizens.
