India and Nepal’s long-standing relationship has recently entered a new phase with the approval of a bridge construction plan that will connect the two countries. This bridge will be erected over the Mahakali River, forming a link between Dharchula in Uttarakhand, India, and Nepal’s own Dharchula.
Mahakali River and The New Bridge
Known as the Sharda River or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand, the Mahakali River meets the Ghagra River in Uttar Pradesh, a tributary of the Ganges. The Union Cabinet’s recently approved plan to construct a bridge over this river is set to enhance the relationship between India and Nepal. The three-year project hopes to improve the lives of those living in Dharchula, both in Uttarakhand and Nepal.
River Projects and their Significance
Several projects are already ongoing on the Mahakali River, including the Tanakpur hydro-electic project, Chameliya hydro-electric project, and Sharda Barrage. The completion of these projects, along with the new bridge, should further strengthen ties between the two nations.
The Historic and Strategic ties between India and Nepal
India and Nepal have shared deep-rooted historic, cultural, and economic connections for centuries. The birthplace of Buddha, Lumbini, is located in present-day Nepal, further strengthening religious ties between the countries. The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 lays the foundation for a special relationship between the two nations.
Trade and Economy: India’s Role in Nepal
India is Nepal’s largest trade partner and the largest source of foreign investments. As a landlocked country surrounded by India on three sides, Nepal relies heavily on India for transit. The two countries have launched various connectivity programs to enhance people-to-people linkages and promote economic growth and development.
Defence Cooperation
Bilateral defence cooperation is a key area of engagement between India and Nepal, including assistance to the Nepalese Army in modernization, provision of equipment, and training. This cooperation extends to the annual joint military exercise, known as Surya Kiran, conducted since 2011.
Cultural Exchange and Humanitarian Assistance
Initiatives promoting people-to-people contact in areas of art, culture, academics, and media help strengthen the bond between India and Nepal. As a country lying in an ecologically fragile zone prone to earthquakes and floods, Nepal is a significant recipient of India’s humanitarian aid.
Multilateral Partnership
India and Nepal share multiple multilateral forums such as BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), Non Aligned Movement, and SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).
Issues & Challenges
Despite the strong ties, there remain challenges in India-Nepal relations. China’s increasing influence in Nepal via investments, aid, and loans has potentially shifted Nepal’s relationships. China views Nepal as a valuable partner in its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which could change Nepal’s position as a buffer state between India and China.
The Border Dispute and Way Forward
The border dispute, which came to light in November 2019, when Nepal released a new political map claiming parts of Uttarakhand as their territory, needs delicate handling. A diplomatic negotiation under the aegis of International law on Trans-boundary Water Disputes could be a possible way forward. The resolution of the boundary dispute between India and Bangladesh could offer a potential model in this regard.
Overall, India should increase proactive engagement with Nepal at all levels – people, bureaucracy, and politics. Differences should be resolved peacefully, keeping the interest of both nations at heart.
