Diarrhoeal diseases pose a significant public health issue across the globe, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Despite advancements in medical sciences, these diseases continue to claim the lives of many, especially children. Understanding the importance of preventive measures, effective treatment, and comprehensive government initiatives is essential in combating this global health challenge.
Understanding Diarrhoeal Diseases
Diarrhoea is typically characterized by the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day. An individual suffering from diarrhoea can lead to dehydration due to the loss of water and electrolytes through various means. Persistent diarrhoea can last for 14 days or longer, and its causes range from bacterial infections like cholera and typhoid to viral and parasitic organisms spread by contaminated water. Children suffering from malnutrition are particularly vulnerable to diarrhoea.
Status of Diarrhoeal Diseases Worldwide
Globally, diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death among children under five years old. Every year, nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhoeal disease are reported, and around 525,000 children under five succumb to the illness.
Prevention and Treatment Measures
Preventing diarrhoea involves various methods, including access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and good personal hygiene. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and vaccination against rotavirus are also crucial preventative steps. The primary treatment method for diarrhoea is Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), which consists of a mixture of clean water, salt, and sugar. Zinc supplements and intravenous fluids can also mitigate the impact of the disease, along with the consumption of nutrient-rich foods.
Asian Conference on Diarrhoeal Disease and Nutrition (ASCODD)
Recently, the Union Minister addressed the 16th Asian Conference on Diarrhoeal Disease and Nutrition (ASCODD) in Kolkata. With delegates from several countries participating virtually, the conference focused on prevention and control of cholera, typhoid, and other enteric diseases in low and middle-income countries, keeping in focus community participation.
Indian Initiatives for Diarrhoeal Diseases
India’s Integrated Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (IAPPD), launched in 2014, aims to prevent deaths due to diarrhoea and pneumonia in children under five. The country’s Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) focuses on reducing mortality and morbidity in children and pregnant women against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases, including pneumonia and diarrhoea. Other initiatives include the Social Awareness and Action to Neutralise Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) Campaign and the Rotavirus Vaccine Drive launched in 2019.
Digital India Initiative and Diarrhoeal diseases
Indian initiatives under the Digital India initiative such as the Online Registration System, eHospital for hospital management, and eSanjeevani telemedicine app have also proven effective in dealing with diarrhoea. These platforms facilitate easy access to medical consultation and tips for prevention and treatment, reinforcing the government’s efforts in combating diarrhoeal diseases.
