Recently, a unique “double mutant” coronavirus variant amalgamating two mutations has been discovered in India. This specific formation of mutations hasn’t been spotted elsewhere in the world. The critical intricacies of this variant, its challenges, and proposed solutions are detailed below.
Understanding Mutation
Mutation is an alteration in the genome (genetic material) of a cell or virus, which is possibly permanent and transferrable to its descendants. Genomes of entities are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), while viral genomes can comprise of DNA or Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA).
The Double Mutant Scenario
The Indian SARS-CoV-2 Consortium on Genomics (INSACOG) identified two mutations, E484Q and L452R together, in virus samples from states such as Maharashtra, Delhi, Punjab, and Gujarat through genome sequencing. INSACOG plans to submit these findings to the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID). If significant, it will be classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC). Currently, we have three global VOCs: the U.K. variant (B.1.1.7), the South African (B.1.351), and the Brazilian (P.1) lineage.
Variants of Concern: An Overview
VOCs are those variants showing signs of increased transmissibility, severe disease manifestation, significant reduction in neutralization by antibodies from previous infection or vaccination, reduced effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, or diagnostic detection failures.
Challenges and Implications of the Double Mutant
The double mutation potentially increases risks by enabling the virus to evade the immune system. It doesn’t necessarily mean they are causing an outbreak, but poses challenges to public health measures for containment. Their dual impact on vaccine efficacy and infectivity is yet to be completely understood.
The Presence of Other Variants
Genome variation studies in Kerala have revealed the existence of other mutations linked with the capability to dodge coronavirus antibodies. For instance, the N440K mutation, related to immune escape, has been reported from 16 other countries including the UK, Denmark, Singapore, Japan, and Australia.
Addressing the Problem
The solution demands increased testing, comprehensive close contact tracking, prompt isolation of positive cases & contacts, and treatment following the “National Treatment Protocol” by various States/UTs.
About Indian SARS-CoV-2 Consortium on Genomics (INSACOG)
INSACOG is a multi-agency, multi-laboratory, pan-India network that monitors genomic variations in the SARS-CoV-2, aiding in understanding the virus’s spread and evolution.
Understanding Genomic Sequencing
Genomic sequencing maps the entire genetic code of an organism, in this case, the virus. Although mutations in viruses are common, most do not alter their transmissibility or cause a severe infection. However, certain mutations can make the virus more infectious and potentially deadlier.
About the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data
This initiative propels the rapid sharing of data from all influenza viruses and the Covid-19 causing coronavirus. Open and swift sharing of genetic sequences lets researchers continuously track the virus spread. GISAID has substantively contributed to the development of diagnostic kits, prototype viruses for research, vaccines, and antibodies.
