West Bengal Air Pollution Crisis

In 2024, West Bengal faced rise in air pollution levels. All cities, except Kolkata, experienced worsening air quality compared to the previous year. A report by IQAir brought into light that Kolkata remains the second most polluted metro city in India, trailing only behind Delhi. The report analysed data on particulate matter (PM) 2.5 collected from over 40,000 monitoring stations worldwide. PM2.5 is a dangerous pollutant that can lead to severe respiratory diseases.

Key Findings of the Report

The report indicated that Durgapur and Asansol ranked 24th and 25th globally for air pollution. Both cities saw a rise in PM2.5 levels in 2024. Durgapur recorded 72.3 microgrammes per cubic metre, while Asansol reached 72.2 microgrammes. These levels are higher than the World Health Organisation’s guideline of 5 microgrammes.

Investment and Pollution Levels

Despite an investment of approximately Rs 120 crore to combat air pollution, the situation worsened. Durgapur’s pollution increased by 46% from 49.5 to 72.3 microgrammes. Asansol’s levels rose by 16%. Other cities like Barrackpore and Howrah also reported alarming PM2.5 values, exceeding national limits.

Factors Contributing to Pollution

The state pollution control board attributed the rising pollution to several factors. Durgapur and Asansol are affected by pollution from Jharkhand. Barrackpore suffers from emissions from local brickfields. Howrah’s unplanned industrial growth and lack of green cover exacerbate its pollution levels.

Kolkata’s Persistent Pollution Issues

Kolkata’s PM2.5 levels exceeded WHO guidelines by nearly nine times. The city has invested Rs 792 crore under the National Clean Air Programme. Despite some success in controlling pollution, experts warn that improvements are challenging without addressing regional pollution sources.

Role of Climatic and Meteorological Factors

Climatic conditions play important role in Kolkata’s air quality. The city is situated in the Indo-Gangetic plains, making it susceptible to pollution from surrounding areas. Experts emphasise that inadequate policy implementation also contributes to the worsening air quality.

Need for a Multi-Sectoral Approach

Experts argue for a comprehensive strategy to address pollution in Kolkata. While dust control is vital, measures must also target emissions from transport and waste burning. A multi-sectoral approach is essential for substantial reductions in pollution levels.

Focus on Ammonia Emissions

Research indicates that solid waste and biomass burning are key sources of pollution in Kolkata. These emissions increase ammonia levels, which contribute to the formation of particulate matter. Addressing ammonia emissions is critical for improving air quality.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically discuss the impact of industrialisation on air quality in urban areas.
2. Examine the role of meteorological factors in shaping air pollution trends in major cities.
3. Analyse the effectiveness of the National Clean Air Programme in reducing urban pollution levels.
4. Point out the major sources of particulate matter in metropolitan areas and their health implications.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically discuss the impact of industrialisation on air quality in urban areas.

1. Industrialisation often leads to increased emissions of pollutants, including particulate matter and gases.
2. Urban areas typically have higher concentrations of industries, contributing to local air quality deterioration.
3. Inadequate regulations and enforcement can exacerbate pollution from industrial activities.
4. Industrial growth can lead to urban sprawl, increasing traffic and further worsening air quality.
5. Investment in cleaner technologies and sustainable practices is crucial to mitigate industrial pollution.

2. Examine the role of meteorological factors in shaping air pollution trends in major cities.

1. Meteorological conditions, such as wind patterns and temperature inversions, influence pollutant dispersion and concentration.
2. Geographical location, like being in a valley or plains, can trap pollutants, worsening air quality.
3. Seasonal variations can lead to fluctuations in pollution levels, with certain conditions exacerbating smog formation.
4. Humidity and rainfall can temporarily reduce pollution but may also contribute to secondary pollutants like ozone.
5. About these factors is essential for developing effective pollution management strategies.

3. Analyse the effectiveness of the National Clean Air Programme in reducing urban pollution levels.

1. The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce pollution levels across cities through targeted interventions.
2. Investment in infrastructure and monitoring has increased, but many cities still report high pollution levels.
3. Success varies by location, with some areas seeing improvements while others, like Kolkata, remain critically polluted.
4. Challenges include inadequate implementation, lack of public awareness, and regional pollution sources beyond local control.
5. A multi-faceted approach, integrating local and regional strategies, is necessary for the NCAP to be fully effective.

4. Point out the major sources of particulate matter in metropolitan areas and their health implications.

1. Major sources of particulate matter include vehicle emissions, industrial discharges, and construction activities.
2. Burning of solid waste and biomass contributes to PM2.5 levels in urban settings.
3. Health implications include respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and increased mortality rates.
4. Vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, are particularly at risk from poor air quality.
5. Long-term exposure to high levels of particulate matter can lead to chronic health issues and reduced life expectancy.