As of 2024, the Western Hoolock gibbon, India’s only ape species, faces severe threats to its survival, primarily due to proposed oil exploration activities near the Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary in Assam. This sanctuary is the last bastion for these endangered primates, which are already struggling with habitat loss and ecological pressures. Recent governmental approvals for land diversion have sparked debates about the balance between development and conservation.
About the Western Hoolock Gibbon
The Western Hoolock gibbon is a unique arboreal primate, distinguished by its vocalisations and remarkable agility. With a height of approximately 1.5 feet and weighing between 6 to 8 kilograms, these gibbons are adept at brachiation, allowing them to swing through trees at impressive speeds of over 50 km/h. Their distinct calls can be heard from up to a kilometre away, serving as a means of communication within their social groups.
Habitat and Distribution
These gibbons inhabit the forests of Northeast India, particularly in states like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya. The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, spanning 20.98 square kilometres, is home to over 120 gibbons, alongside diverse wildlife, including elephants and various bird species. However, less than 3,000 gibbons remain in India, primarily due to deforestation and habitat fragmentation.
Current Threats to Survival
The recent approval for oil exploration by the Vedanta Group poses an important risk to the gibbons’ habitat. Although the exploration site is located 13.2 kilometres from the sanctuary’s boundary, any potential expansion could have dire consequences for this fragile ecosystem. Conservationists are particularly concerned about the impact of industrial activities on the gibbons’ habitat and the surrounding biodiversity. Moreover, the construction of a broad-gauge railway line has already fragmented the sanctuary, creating barriers to gibbon movement. The proposed electrification of this railway line and plans to double the track could further exacerbate habitat loss and increase mortality risks for both gibbons and other wildlife, such as elephants.
Conservation Efforts and Cultural Significance
Conservationists, including local NGOs, have been vocal about the need for comprehensive environmental assessments before proceeding with development projects. The cultural significance of the Western Hoolock gibbon is also noteworthy; they feature prominently in Assamese folklore and are celebrated in local traditions. The declaration of World Hoolock Gibbon Day on January 14 serves as a reminder of the urgent need to protect this species and its habitat. Local artists have joined the conservation movement, using their talents to raise awareness through murals and public art. This cultural connection marks the gibbons’ role in Assam’s natural heritage and the necessity of community involvement in conservation efforts.
Future Prospects
The future of the Western Hoolock gibbon hinges on immediate and effective conservation measures. This includes re-evaluating development projects that threaten their habitat, enforcing stricter regulations on land use, and promoting reforestation efforts to restore critical ecosystems. The involvement of local communities and stakeholders is essential in creating sustainable solutions that balance ecological integrity with economic development.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the ecological significance of the Western Hoolock gibbon in its native habitat.
- Evaluate the impact of industrial development on wildlife conservation in India.
- What measures can be taken to enhance the protection of endangered species like the Western Hoolock gibbon?
- Analyse the role of cultural heritage in wildlife conservation efforts in Assam.
- What are the implications of habitat fragmentation on primate species in India?
