The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced a new series of Science and Policy Summaries (SPS) in 2025. This initiative supports global efforts to reduce air pollution and its severe health consequences, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The launch followed the Second WHO Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health held in Cartagena, Colombia, in March 2025. The conference gathered ministers and stakeholders from diverse sectors to address this urgent issue.
Global Impact of Air Pollution
Air pollution remains a leading risk factor for noncommunicable diseases worldwide. In 2021, approximately 6.4 million deaths were linked to particulate matter exposure. Low- and middle-income countries accounted for 93% of these deaths. Vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, older adults, and outdoor workers face heightened risks. Indoor pollutants like radon and biomass smoke also contribute to health problems.
Purpose and Features of the SPS Series
The SPS series provides accessible, evidence-based insights for policymakers, health practitioners, and the general public. Each summary is peer-reviewed and created through multistakeholder collaboration involving international experts. The aim is to empower the health sector with science-backed, sector-specific information on emissions and interventions. The summaries also function as risk communication tools to encourage shared understanding and coordinated action.
Sectoral Solutions Proposed
The summaries recommend practical measures across multiple sectors including transport, agriculture, waste management, and energy. These solutions focus on emission reduction and health protection. Cross-cutting issues such as legislation, climate change mitigation, and transboundary cooperation are emphasised. Countries are urged to collaborate on managing air pollution that crosses borders.
Addressing Vulnerabilities and Priorities
Special attention is given to vulnerable populations and communities in urgent need of alternatives to harmful exposures. The SPS show the importance of prioritising interventions based on vulnerability. This approach helps allocate resources efficiently and ensures equity in health protection.
Role of International Collaboration
Air pollution is a transboundary challenge requiring coordinated international responses. The SPS encourage countries to strengthen cooperation and share best practices. This collaboration is vital for effective legislation and enforcement. Climate change considerations are integrated into the strategies to maximise health and environmental benefits.
Expert Contributions and Leadership
Experts like Kalpana Balakrishnan from India have played a key role in developing the summaries. Their work ensures the SPS reflect current research and practical realities. The health sector is positioned as a leader in advocating for and implementing air quality improvements globally.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss in the light of global health challenges how air pollution contributes to noncommunicable diseases and the role of international organisations in mitigating these effects.
- Critically examine the impact of transboundary air pollution on regional cooperation and environmental diplomacy with suitable examples.
- Explain the significance of multisectoral approaches in managing environmental health risks, particularly air pollution, and how policy integration can be achieved.
- With suitable examples, discuss the vulnerability of certain population groups to environmental hazards and the importance of targeted public health interventions.
