The United Nations has marked the first Monday of October each year as World Habitat Day. This day is all about reflecting on our habitats and every individual’s fundamental right to adequate shelter. The idea for this annual global observance came to life in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1986 with the theme ‘Shelter is my Right.’ Since then, it has come a long way, highlighting the growth of urban development, sustainability, and the economic significance of cities. The theme for 2023 was ‘Resilient Urban Economies: Cities as Drivers of Growth and Recovery.’
Significance of Cities in Economic Recovery
Cities are the central pillar for economic recovery. As highly productive hubs, they contribute significantly to a nation’s GDP. Beyond offering diverse job prospects, cities are critical in reducing unemployment rates during times of economic recovery. They house research centers, universities, tech companies, all of which enhance innovation-led growth. Cities also receive substantial infrastructure investments, boosting immediate job creation and improving long-term productivity. Last but not least, the thriving cultural and creative industries in cities add to their economic prosperity.
The Current Urban Landscape in India
India, one of the fastest-growing economies globally, owes much of its growth to its cities, which contribute 66% to the national GDP. However, rapid urbanization, overpopulation, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation present significant challenges. Poor housing conditions, congested roads, lack of efficient public transportation systems, deteriorating air and water quality, economic disparities, and inadequate waste management intensify these challenges. The increasing vulnerability of urban areas to climate change effects further complicates the scenario.
Government Initiatives Towards Urban Development
The government has launched several initiatives to address these urban development challenges. These include Smart Cities, AMRUT Mission, Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban, HRIDAY, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban, and the Aspirational district Programme.
The Way Forward
Integrated urban planning that prioritizes long-term sustainability, resilience to climate change, and efficient use of resources is crucial. The exploration of innovative financing mechanisms for urban development, alongside urban employment guarantee schemes, is necessary. Ensuring proper waste management, investing in waste-to-energy technologies, modern landfill management, and emphasizing strict waste segregation at source will help address waste management challenges. Lastly, inclusive urban development catering to marginalized and vulnerable populations through improved access to basic services, healthcare, and education will contribute to enhancing overall urban living standards.
UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)
Prelims Q. With reference to the Indian economy after the 1991 economic liberalization, consider the following statements: (2020)
1. Worker productivity (Rs. per worker at 2004-05 prices) increased in urban areas while it decreased in rural areas.
2. The percentage share of rural areas in the workforce steadily increased.
3. In rural areas, the growth in the non-farm economy increased.
4. The growth rate in rural employment decreased.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (b) 3 and 4 only
Mains Q. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016) Q. Do government’s schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (2014)