Call for Chlorpyrifos Ban at Geneva Summit

As global delegates prepare for chemical safety summit in Geneva, Indian experts are urging an immediate ban on chlorpyrifos. This pesticide is still prevalent in India despite being banned in over 40 countries. The 2025 Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions (BRS COP) will take place from April 28 to May 9. These summits aim to protect human health and the environment from hazardous chemicals.

About Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos is classified as ‘moderately hazardous’ by the World Health Organization. It is used on various crops in India. Its continued use poses risks to farmers, consumers, future generations, and ecosystems. Experts highlight its link to neurotoxicity and potential irreversible brain damage in unborn children.

International Context

The BRS COPs will include discussions on chlorpyrifos and other pesticides. The Basel Convention focuses on hazardous wastes. The Rotterdam Convention governs the international trade of hazardous chemicals. The Stockholm Convention aims to eliminate persistent organic pollutants. These conventions are crucial for global environmental governance.

Indian Advocacy

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) India is advocating for chlorpyrifos to be included in Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention. This would require prior informed consent before international trade. PAN India is also pushing for a total ban under Annex A of the Stockholm Convention. They argue that safer alternatives are available.

Current Usage in India

Despite being approved for use on 18 crops, there is evidence of unapproved use of chlorpyrifos and other dangerous agrochemicals across India. A 2022 report indicated widespread misuse. This marks the need for stricter regulations and adherence to international standards.

Global Implications

The BRS COPs are seen as a turning point for global governance on chemical safety. Experts believe that aligning with international best practices is essential for India. Currently, 568 pesticide active ingredients are banned by various countries, many of which are still in use in India.

Future Directions

Experts urge Indian policymakers and industry stakeholders to phase out chlorpyrifos and hazardous pesticides. They advocate for the adoption of safer, sustainable alternatives. The emphasis is on prioritising human health over chemical dependency.

Calls for Action

The upcoming negotiations in Geneva are seen as crucial for addressing chemical harm. Experts stress the importance of following scientific evidence and established procedures. The need for national governments to replicate international processes is also brought into light.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the health impacts of chlorpyrifos on human populations, particularly vulnerable groups.
2. Explain the role of the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions in regulating hazardous chemicals globally.
3. What are the challenges faced by India in aligning its pesticide regulations with international standards? Discuss.
4. With suitable examples, comment on the importance of public health advocacy in shaping environmental policies.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the health impacts of chlorpyrifos on human populations, particularly vulnerable groups.

1. Chlorpyrifos is linked to neurotoxicity, affecting cognitive development in children.
2. Exposure can lead to irreversible brain damage, particularly in unborn children and infants.
3. Farmers and agricultural workers face higher risks due to direct exposure during application.
4. Chronic exposure has been associated with reproductive toxicity and developmental disorders.
5. Vulnerable populations, including low-income communities, may lack access to safer alternatives and proper health care.

2. Explain the role of the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions in regulating hazardous chemicals globally.

1. The Basel Convention focuses on the control of hazardous wastes and their disposal to protect human health and the environment.
2. The Rotterdam Convention governs the international trade of hazardous chemicals, requiring prior informed consent for their export and import.
3. The Stockholm Convention aims to eliminate or restrict persistent organic pollutants, which can bioaccumulate and cause long-term health and environmental damage.
4. All three conventions promote cooperation among countries and facilitate information sharing on hazardous chemicals.
5. They collectively contribute to global efforts in chemical safety and environmental protection, enhancing accountability and transparency.

3. What are the challenges faced by India in aligning its pesticide regulations with international standards? Discuss.

1. India has a high prevalence of unapproved pesticide usage, complicating regulatory enforcement.
2. There is a lack of comprehensive data on pesticide impacts and usage, hindering informed policy-making.
3. Resistance from agricultural stakeholders who depend on these chemicals for crop production poses a challenge.
4. Limited resources and infrastructure for monitoring and compliance with international standards affect implementation.
5. Political and commercial interests often influence pesticide policies, delaying necessary reforms.

4. With suitable examples, comment on the importance of public health advocacy in shaping environmental policies.

1. Public health advocacy raises awareness about the risks of hazardous chemicals, as seen in the push against chlorpyrifos.
2. Advocacy groups like PAN India mobilize communities and influence policymakers to prioritize health over chemical dependency.
3. Successful campaigns have led to bans on harmful substances, such as the global movement against DDT in agriculture.
4. Public engagement encourages a culture of accountability, urging governments to adhere to international safety standards.
5. Examples like the campaign for clean air in urban areas show how advocacy can lead to policy changes for public health benefits.