As of 2024, the Government of India is preparing for a long-awaited Census, anticipated to be completed by 2026. This Census holds implications for the delimitation of constituencies and the implementation of women’s reservation in legislative bodies. The outcome of this exercise will not only affect electoral structures but also the representation of women in politics, a pressing issue in contemporary governance.
The Delimitation Process
Delimitation refers to the redrawing of boundaries for electoral constituencies based on population data. This process, mandated by Article 82 of the Constitution of India, is essential for ensuring that each constituency represents a roughly equal number of people. Historically, delimitation has been conducted four times since Independence, with the last substantial exercise occurring in 2002. The current boundaries were established based on the 2001 Census, and the next adjustment will hinge on the forthcoming 2021 Census data.
Constitutional Framework
The Constitution stipulates that delimitation must occur following each Census. However, amendments, particularly the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and subsequent extensions, have delayed this process. Consequently, the allocation of Lok Sabha and state assembly seats has remained static since 1976, despite population growth. The impending Census is expected to reveal a population nearing 1.5 billion, necessitating a reevaluation of constituency boundaries and seat allocations.
Political Implications
The delimitation process is fraught with political challenges. Southern states, which have successfully controlled population growth, may lose representation if seats are allocated solely based on population. This could lead to resistance from regional parties, complicating the consensus-building necessary for legislative amendments. Furthermore, the current composition of the Lok Sabha, with the ruling party holding a reduced number of seats, adds another layer of complexity to the process.
Women’s Reservation
The 128th Constitutional Amendment, passed in September 2023, mandates 33% reservation for women in both the Lok Sabha and state assemblies. However, this provision is contingent upon the completion of the delimitation process following the next Census. The potential increase in Lok Sabha seats from delimitation could enhance women’s representation, transforming the political landscape. This amendment aims to address the historical underrepresentation of women in Indian politics, a matter that has faced numerous hurdles over the past three decades.
Challenges Ahead
The path to effective delimitation and the implementation of women’s reservation is laden with obstacles. There is a need to redefine population metrics and address the fears of existing male politicians who may resist changes that threaten their electoral prospects. Additionally, the logistical challenges of conducting a Census during ongoing demographic changes further complicate the situation.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the significance of the delimitation process in the context of Indian democracy.
- Analyse the constitutional provisions governing delimitation and their implications for electoral representation.
- Evaluate the challenges of implementing women’s reservation in the Indian political system.
- Examine the historical context of Census and delimitation in India.
- Assess the potential impact of the upcoming Census on the political landscape in India.
