Quantum Key Distribution Technology, also known as Quantum Cryptography, is a breakthrough in the field of secure communication. It enables users to distribute and share cryptographic keys via an untrusted network such as the internet. The security provided by quantum communication is inherently different from traditional encryption systems in that it relies on the fundamental laws of physics rather than complex mathematical algorithms.
The Maiden Success of QKD in India
For the first time in India, scientists from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi demonstrated a successful Quantum Key Distribution link between Prayagraj and Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh. The demonstration traversed a distance exceeding 100 kilometres. This achievement is a significant stride towards establishing a secure key transfer mechanism to bootstrap military-grade communication security key hierarchy.
Unpacking Quantum Key Distribution: Prepare-and-Measure and Entanglement-based Protocols
At its core, Quantum Key Distribution involves two main categories of protocols. The elaborate techniques entail measures for identifying potential attempts at eavesdropping and interception of data. The first category, Prepare-and-Measure Protocols, focuses on measuring unknown quantum states. This method can effectively detect spying and determine the extent of data interception. The second method, Entanglement-based Protocols, deals with linked quantum states that form a combined quantum state. If an unauthorized entity accesses a trusted node and modifies something, all involved parties will be notified.
Decoding the Working of Quantum Key Distribution
In Quantum Key Distribution, encryption keys are transmitted as ‘qubits’ (quantum bits) through optical fibre. It is thanks to the principle of total internal reflections that optical fibres can transmit more data over longer distances faster than other mediums. QKD operates on an authenticated communication channel and transforms it into a secure one. It is designed such that any unauthorized attempts to access the transmission would disturb the qubits, generate errors in the transaction, and timely alert the legitimate end-users.
The Necessity of Quantum Key Distribution
The rapid advancements in Quantum Computing pose significant threats to the security of data transported through current communication networks. This threat necessitates the implementation of QKD. Quantum technologies, including Quantum Computing, Quantum Communications, Quantum Materials, and Quantum Sensors, can significantly aid various start-ups and small and medium enterprises in the domain of quantum information by enhancing their security infrastructure.
Potential Challenges in Implementing QKD
Despite its theoretical perfection, there exist practical difficulties in seamlessly integrating QKD into existing infrastructure. There are security vulnerabilities due to imperfections in tools like single photon detectors. The range of modern fiber optic cables and their ability to carry a photon is also a limiting factor. Additionally, QKD requires a pre-established classically authenticated channel of communication. As the frequency of quantum computer usage increases, QKD becomes more relevant.
The Road Ahead with QKD
Harnessing the power of startups and Big Tech in quantum technology development is crucial. An overarching strategy for the next 10-15 years should focus on preventing resource misallocation while concentrating efforts in areas that promise economic and strategic benefits.
