Frankincense Faces Extinction Threat

Frankincense, a resin derived from the Boswellia tree, is facing a critical threat of extinction. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) brought into light this alarming situation on March 27, 2025. Five species of Boswellia on Socotra Island, Yemen, have been reclassified from Vulnerable to Endangered. One species is now Critically Endangered. The decline of these trees poses ecological and economic concerns.

Species of Boswellia

Frankincense is primarily sourced from five species of the Boswellia genus. The most recognised are Boswellia serrata (Indian Frankincense), Boswellia carterii, and Boswellia sacra. These species are renowned for their aromatic resin, which has been used in various cultural and medicinal applications for centuries.

Reasons for Decline

Several factors contribute to the decline of Boswellia species. Overgrazing by goats has severely affected sapling growth. Traditional rotational grazing practices have diminished, leading to increased pressure on young trees. Additionally, prolonged droughts hinder their growth. Extreme weather events, including cyclones and flash floods, have also caused damage to these trees.

Impact of Climate Change

Climate change exacerbates the challenges faced by Boswellia species. Increased frequency and intensity of cyclones, as observed in 2015 and 2018, have led to landslides and uprooting of trees. This environmental instability threatens the survival of frankincense-producing trees. The ongoing climate crisis necessitates urgent conservation measures.

Conservation Efforts

Local communities play a very important role in the conservation of Boswellia species. Mohammed Amer, a local expert, advocates for building protective fences around young trees. This strategy helps safeguard them from grazing goats. Additionally, communities can generate income by producing frankincense honey. Such initiatives promote sustainable practices and enhance local livelihoods.

Medicinal Uses of Frankincense

Frankincense has a long history of medicinal use. Research indicates its effectiveness in treating various conditions. It exhibits anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Inhalation and consumption of Boswellia olibanum are known to reduce asthma risks. This marks the importance of preserving frankincense for both cultural and health-related reasons.

Economic Importance

The economic implications of frankincense extend beyond traditional uses. The resin is a valuable commodity in international markets. Its decline threatens not only biodiversity but also the livelihoods of communities dependent on its harvest. Sustainable management and conservation efforts are crucial to maintaining this economic resource.

Global Awareness

Raising global awareness about the plight of Boswellia species is essential. Collaborative efforts between local communities, governments, and international organisations can encourage effective conservation strategies. Public education on the importance of frankincense can also encourage sustainable practices and support for conservation initiatives.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of climate change on biodiversity conservation efforts globally.
2. What are the benefits of using Boswellia olibanum in traditional medicine? Explain its significance.
3. With suitable examples, comment on the role of local communities in environmental conservation.
4. What are the socio-economic implications of the extinction of medicinal plants like frankincense? Discuss.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of climate change on biodiversity conservation efforts globally.

1. Climate change leads to habitat loss and fragmentation, affecting species survival.
2. Increased frequency of extreme weather events disrupts ecosystems and conservation initiatives.
3. Shifts in species distribution create challenges in conservation planning and management.
4. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns threaten food and water sources for wildlife.
5. Global collaboration is essential for effective conservation strategies addressing climate impacts.

2. What are the benefits of using Boswellia olibanum in traditional medicine? Explain its significance.

1. Boswellia olibanum possesses anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for conditions like ulcerative colitis.
2. It is used to alleviate symptoms of bronchitis and sinusitis, enhancing respiratory health.
3. Research supports its role in reducing asthma risks through inhalation and consumption.
4. Traditionally valued in various cultures, it holds historical and cultural importance.
5. Preservation of Boswellia olibanum is crucial for maintaining traditional medicinal practices.

3. With suitable examples, comment on the role of local communities in environmental conservation.

1. Local communities often possess traditional knowledge essential for sustainable resource management.
2. In Socotra, communities protect Boswellia trees by building fences to deter grazing animals.
3. Community-led initiatives, like producing frankincense honey, promote economic sustainability.
4. Engagement in conservation encourages a sense of ownership and responsibility towards local ecosystems.
5. Successful conservation often relies on collaboration between local communities and governmental organizations.

4. What are the socio-economic implications of the extinction of medicinal plants like frankincense? Discuss.

1. Extinction threatens the livelihoods of communities dependent on harvesting medicinal plants.
2. Loss of biodiversity impacts traditional medicine practices and cultural heritage.
3. Economic opportunities in the global market for frankincense and similar products diminish.
4. Decline in medicinal plants can lead to increased healthcare costs due to lack of natural remedies.
5. Conservation efforts are vital to sustain both ecological balance and community economies.