Ganga River Water Quality Issues in Bihar

The Ganga River in Bihar faces water quality challenges. Recent findings from the Bihar Economic Survey 2024-25 reveal that most areas along the river are unsuitable for bathing due to high levels of bacteriological contamination. The Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) conducts fortnightly monitoring of water quality at 34 locations. The survey indicates that the presence of total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria is primarily due to untreated sewage discharge from nearby urban areas.

Water Quality Monitoring

The BSPCB regularly tests the Ganga’s water quality. Parameters assessed include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total coliform, and faecal coliform. While pH, dissolved oxygen, and BOD levels remain within acceptable limits, the bacteriological levels are concerning. The presence of high coliform counts indicates potential health risks for humans.

Sources of Contamination

The primary source of contamination is untreated sewage from cities along the Ganga. Major towns such as Patna, Bhagalpur, and Chapra contribute to this issue. The untreated waste introduces harmful pathogens into the river, making it unsafe for recreational activities like bathing.

Health Implications

High levels of faecal coliform bacteria pose serious health risks. These bacteria are indicative of the presence of disease-causing pathogens. The permissible limit for faecal coliform, as per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards, is 2,500 MPN/100 ml. However, measurements at various locations in Bihar show levels exceeding this limit .

Government Initiatives

In response to the alarming water quality data, the BSPCB is implementing measures to improve sewage management. Authorities are urged to expedite the construction of sewage treatment plants (STPs). The BSPCB is also monitoring effluent quality from industrial units, ensuring compliance with environmental standards.

Current Water Quality Data

Recent data from the BSPCB marks concerning levels of faecal coliform at various sites. For instance, readings at Gulabi Ghat and Triveni Ghat reached as high as 5,400 MPN/100 ml. These figures tell the urgent need for intervention to restore the river’s health.

Future Prospects

Continuous monitoring and effective sewage management are crucial for improving the Ganga’s water quality. The BSPCB’s proactive approach in addressing these challenges is vital for public health and environmental sustainability. Enhanced infrastructure for sewage treatment will play a critical role in making the river safe for bathing and other uses.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically discuss the impact of urban sewage on river ecosystems.
2. Examine the role of pollution control boards in managing water quality.
3. What are the health risks associated with high levels of faecal coliform in water? Point out measures to mitigate these risks.
4. Analyse the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants in reducing river pollution. How can their performance be improved?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically discuss the impact of urban sewage on river ecosystems.

1. Urban sewage introduces high levels of nutrients and pathogens, disrupting aquatic life.
2. Increased bacteriological contamination leads to eutrophication, harming biodiversity.
3. Untreated sewage affects the physical and chemical properties of water, making it unfit for consumption.
4. Urban runoff can carry heavy metals and chemicals, further degrading water quality.
5. Long-term exposure to polluted waters can lead to ecosystem collapse and loss of species.

2. Examine the role of pollution control boards in managing water quality.

1. Pollution control boards monitor water quality through regular testing and data collection.
2. They enforce regulations and standards for wastewater treatment and discharge.
3. Boards provide guidance and support for local authorities in pollution management strategies.
4. They play important role in public awareness campaigns about water quality issues.
5. Collaboration with industries ensures compliance with environmental laws and pollution reduction.

3. What are the health risks associated with high levels of faecal coliform in water? Point out measures to mitigate these risks.

1. High faecal coliform levels indicate possible presence of pathogens leading to gastrointestinal diseases.
2. At-risk populations include children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
3. Regular monitoring and public reporting of water quality can raise awareness of risks.
4. Investing in sewage treatment infrastructure reduces pathogen levels in water bodies.
5. Public education on the dangers of bathing in contaminated water can prevent health issues.

4. Analyse the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants in reducing river pollution. How can their performance be improved?

1. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are designed to reduce pollutants before discharge into rivers.
2. Effectiveness varies based on technology used and operational efficiency of STPs.
3. Regular maintenance and upgrading of technology can enhance treatment capabilities.
4. Implementing stricter regulations on effluent discharge can ensure better compliance by industries.
5. Community involvement and awareness programs can promote better waste management practices.