Recent reports indicate alarming levels of faecal coliform bacteria in the Ganga river, particularly near Prayagraj, during the Maha Kumbh 2025. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has identified these bacteria above the safe limit, raising serious health concerns for millions of devotees participating in the religious event. The contamination is largely attributed to untreated sewage being dumped into the river, posing risks to public health.
About Faecal Coliform Bacteria
Faecal coliform bacteria are microorganisms found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals and humans. Their presence in water typically signifies contamination from faecal matter. These bacteria are not inherently harmful but indicate potential pathogens that may be present alongside them. The Bureau of Indian Standards states that total coliform bacteria are not reliable indicators of water quality.
Health Risks Associated with Contamination
The presence of faecal coliform bacteria suggests that water may contain harmful pathogens. These can include viruses, parasites, and other bacteria that originate from faecal waste. Drinking or bathing in contaminated water can lead to serious health issues, such as stomach pains, diarrhoea, and gastrointestinal diseases. The Vermont Department of Health marks these risks, underscoring the importance of clean water access.
Sources of Contamination
The primary source of faecal coliform contamination in the Ganga is untreated sewage. Urban areas along the river often lack adequate waste treatment facilities, leading to direct discharge into the water. This situation is exacerbated during large gatherings like the Maha Kumbh Mela, where millions of devotees enter the water, increasing the risk of exposure to contaminated sources.
Regulatory Response and Actions
The CPCB has alerted the National Green Tribunal (NGT) regarding the high levels of contamination. This report calls for immediate action to address pollution in the Ganga. Regulatory bodies are tasked with monitoring water quality and implementing measures to reduce sewage discharge. Public awareness campaigns are also essential to educate devotees about the risks associated with bathing in polluted waters.
Importance of Clean Water Initiatives
Efforts to improve water quality in the Ganga are crucial for public health and environmental sustainability. Initiatives may include upgrading sewage treatment facilities, enhancing waste management practices, and promoting community involvement in river conservation. Ensuring clean water access is vital for the health of millions and the preservation of this cultural and religious site.
Future Considerations
Long-term solutions are necessary to prevent future contamination events. This involves not only infrastructure improvements but also policy reforms aimed at better waste management. Collaboration between government agencies, local communities, and environmental organisations is essential to safeguard water quality and protect public health.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the impact of untreated sewage on river ecosystems and public health.
- What are the major sources of water pollution in urban areas? Estimate their effects on human health.
- Point out the measures that can be taken to improve water quality in major rivers like the Ganga.
- What is the significance of the Ganga river in Indian culture? How does pollution affect this significance?
Answer Hints:
1. Critically analyse the impact of untreated sewage on river ecosystems and public health.
- Untreated sewage introduces harmful pathogens and nutrients, leading to eutrophication and loss of biodiversity.
- It causes oxygen depletion in water, which can lead to fish kills and disrupt aquatic life.
- Public health risks include gastrointestinal diseases, skin infections, and other waterborne illnesses.
- Contaminated water sources can affect drinking water supplies and recreational activities.
- Long-term exposure can result in chronic health issues for communities relying on polluted water bodies.
2. What are the major sources of water pollution in urban areas? Estimate their effects on human health.
- Major sources include untreated sewage, industrial discharge, and agricultural runoff.
- Urban runoff often carries heavy metals, chemicals, and pathogens into water bodies.
- Contaminated water can lead to diseases like cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis A.
- Pollution from urban areas disproportionately affects vulnerable populations with limited access to clean water.
- Long-term exposure to polluted water can result in chronic health conditions, including cancer and reproductive issues.
3. Point out the measures that can be taken to improve water quality in major rivers like the Ganga.
- Upgrade sewage treatment facilities to handle increased waste during events like Maha Kumbh.
- Implement strict regulations on industrial discharges and promote eco-friendly practices.
- Enhance public awareness campaigns about the importance of maintaining clean water bodies.
- Encourage community participation in river conservation efforts and clean-up drives.
- Invest in sustainable urban planning to reduce runoff and improve waste management systems.
4. What is the significance of the Ganga river in Indian culture? How does pollution affect this significance?
- The Ganga is considered sacred and is central to Hindu rituals, including bathing and ceremonies.
- It symbolizes purity, life, and sustenance for millions of people in India.
- Pollution undermines its spiritual significance, making it unsafe for religious practices.
- Degradation of the river impacts local economies dependent on tourism and pilgrimage.
- Efforts to restore the Ganga’s health are crucial for preserving its cultural and religious importance.
