The Quit India Movement, also known as August Kranti, was a pivotal event in the Indian freedom struggle. Launched on 8th August 1942 by Mahatma Gandhi, this movement called for an end to British rule in India. The 80th anniversary of this movement was celebrated recently on 8th August 2022.
Mahatma Gandhi and the Launch
Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement during the session of the All-India Congress Committee in Mumbai. His famous call, “Do or Die” was delivered in a speech at Gowalia Tank Maidan, which now goes by the name August Kranti Maidan. Aruna Asaf Ali, also known as the ‘Grand Old Lady’ of the Independence Movement, is remembered for hoisting the Indian flag at this historic spot. The phrase ‘Quit India’ was coined by Yusuf Meherally, a socialist, trade unionist, and former Mayor of Mumbai.
Causes behind the Quit India Movement
Several factors led to the launch of the Quit India Movement. The failure of the Cripps Mission, meant to negotiate a new constitution and self-governance for India, was a significant trigger. Other causes include India’s involvement in World War II without prior consultation, increasing anti-British sentiment among the Indian populace, centralization of smaller movements led by bodies affiliated with Congress, and a shortage of essential commodities due to World War II.
Demand and Phases of the Movement
The Quit India Movement demanded an immediate end to British rule and the establishment of a provisional government post their withdrawal. This national movement had three phases. Initially, it was marked by urban revolts involving strikes, boycotts, and protests; this was followed by a countryside rebellion characterized by the sabotage of communication systems and attacks on government buildings; finally, the formation of national governments in isolated regions marked the last phase.
Successes and Failures
Several key figures of Indian politics emerged from this movement, including leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, J.P. Narayan, and Aruna Asaf Ali. The movement also led to increased participation of women and a rise in nationalistic sentiments among Indians. Despite severe repression by the British, the Quit India Movement shed light on the fact that India was becoming unmanageable for the British in the long run, paving the way for India’s independence.
However, the movement also faced significant failures. It witnessed violence in several places and faced brutal suppression by the British. Lack of support from organizations like the Muslim League, the Communist Party of India, and the Hindu Mahasabha somewhat hampered the effectiveness of the movement.
Simultaneous Developments
While the Quit India Movement unfolded within the country, Subhas Chandra Bose was organizing the Indian National Army and the Azad Hind government from outside the country. At the same time, Congress members like C Rajagopalachari resigned from their legislative posts as they did not agree with Gandhi’s approach.
Historical Context and Examination Perspectives
In the context of UPSC Civil Services Examination, the Quit India Movement has often been a topic of interest in previous year questions. Notably, it featured in questions regarding the chronological sequence of events related to the Indian freedom struggle. Understanding the Quit India Movement, its causes, phases, demands, successes, and failures, is vital for a comprehensive understanding of India’s journey to independence.